Category: Ecotourism

Chad Basin National Park is a prominent protected area in northeastern Nigeria, covering approximately 2,258 square kilometres across Borno and Yobe States. The park comprises three main sectors: Chingurmi-Duguma, known for its rich savanna ecosystems and diverse wildlife; the Bade-Nguru Wetlands, an important habitat for migratory birds; and the Bulatura Oases, featuring unique desert landscapes. The park is home to various species, including giraffes and ostriches, and plays a crucial role in conservation efforts. Visitors can enjoy activities like birdwatching, wildlife viewing, and exploring the nearby Lake Chad. Access is typically via Maiduguri, the nearest city, making it an intriguing destination for eco-tourism and nature enthusiasts.

Overview

Geographic Location and Historical Significance

Chad Basin National Park is situated in northeastern Nigeria, spanning Borno and Yobe states. Covering approximately 2,258 km² within the Sudano-Sahelian ecological zone, the park lies in the historical region of the former Kanem-Bornu Empire, which thrived from the 9th to 19th centuries. Established in 1991, the park reflects the area’s rich cultural and ecological heritage.

Landscape and Natural Features

The park’s diverse terrain includes savanna woodlands, wetlands, and scenic sand dunes. The Chingurmi-Duguma sector, the largest, features Acacia-Balanites woodlands and seasonal floodplains that attract vibrant birdlife. The Bade-Nguru Wetlands, a critical part of the Hadejia-Nguru Wetlands, serve as a stopover for migratory birds and include the Dagona Waterfowl Sanctuary. The Bulatura Oases, with fertile dune depressions, host unique desert wildlife like giraffes and ostriches.

Current Status and Challenges

Managed under IUCN Category II, Chad Basin National Park prioritizes conservation and sustainable tourism. However, it faces significant challenges, including habitat degradation and insecurity, which have limited research and visitor access. Despite its ecological richness, deteriorating infrastructure and management issues have impacted its appeal to tourists.

A Brief History

Chad Basin National Park’s roots can be traced to the Kanem-Bornu Empire, a significant West African state established before the 10th century. Centred around the Lake Chad Basin, this empire thrived as a hub of trade and governance from the 9th to the 19th century, rivalling the Songhai and Mali Empires.  

The park’s lands, historically tied to the Kanem-Bornu legacy, were initially designated as a game reserve in 1975 under Borno Province and were later elevated to national park status in 1991. It was formed by combining areas such as the Chingurmi-Duguma Game Reserve and Bade-Nguru Wetlands, aiming to preserve its ecological and historical heritage.  

International recognition came with visits from Prince Philip in 1989 and Prince Charles and Princess Diana in 1990, underscoring its cultural and environmental significance. Despite challenges, the park remains a key site for biodiversity conservation, bridging its rich history with efforts to protect its unique landscapes and wildlife.

Ecological Diversity

Flora

Chad Basin National Park boasts remarkable plant diversity, with over 700 documented species. The vegetation reflects the park’s varied ecological zones, ranging from savannas to wetlands. Dominant flora includes various acacia species and the iconic baobab tree, which thrive in the park’s drylands. Wetland areas are rich with aquatic plants such as papyrus and reeds, which flourish during seasonal floods. The park also supports a mix of annual grasses and perennial species, showcasing adaptability to fluctuations in water availability. This diverse plant life provides critical habitats for the park’s wildlife, sustaining the delicate balance of its ecosystems.

Fauna

The park is a haven for wildlife, harbouring an impressive array of species across its landscapes.

• Birds: Approximately 532 bird species, both resident and migratory, have been recorded. Key species include the black-crowned crane, a vulnerable resident, as well as the Arabian bustard and visiting Demoiselle cranes. The wetlands are particularly vital during migration, attracting large numbers of waders and white storks.

 

• Mammals: Chad Basin National Park supports 131 large mammal species. Among them are iconic animals such as giraffes and ostriches, which find their last stronghold in Nigeria here. Other notable species include gazelles, hippopotamuses, and Nile crocodiles.
• Reptiles and Aquatic Life: The wetlands teem with reptiles, such as monitor lizards, and various fish species that sustain local fisheries.

Visitor Experience

Chad Basin National Park offers visitors a blend of adventure, relaxation, and cultural discovery, making it one of Nigeria’s unique natural destinations.

• Wildlife Observation: The park provides opportunities to view iconic animals such as giraffes, ostriches, hippopotamuses, crocodiles, and clawless otters. Nature enthusiasts can tour its diverse habitats, from savannas to wetlands, for close encounters with these species.
• Birdwatching: The park is a birdwatcher’s paradise, with over 500 bird species, including black-crowned cranes, demoiselle cranes, guinea fowl, and migratory waders. The wetlands are particularly active during the dry season, drawing bird enthusiasts from around the globe.

• Outdoor Activities: Visitors can enjoy activities such as boating near Lake Chad, picnicking in scenic areas, and exploring the striking sand dunes at Bulatura Oases. The park’s fishing villages also offer unique insights into traditional livelihoods.

• Cultural and Photography Opportunities: Local communities provide a glimpse into life intertwined with the park’s natural environment, while the diverse landscapes and wildlife make for excellent photography.

The best time to visit is during the dry season (November to April) when wildlife is more visible and migratory birds populate the wetlands. Chad Basin National Park promises an unforgettable experience for nature lovers and adventure seekers alike.

Challenges and Conservation Outlook

Challenges

Chad Basin National Park is beset by various challenges, many of which arise from environmental, socio-economic, and governance pressures:

• Water Scarcity: The semi-arid location of the Lake Chad Basin leads to physical water scarcity, while inadequate technology results in economic water scarcity. These factors disrupt ecosystems and reduce biodiversity.
• Loss of Biodiversity: Declining water levels and environmental degradation have caused significant habitat loss, affecting fish, birds, and aquatic plants.
• Conflict and Human-Wildlife Interaction: Local communities depend on park resources for survival, leading to conflicts over grazing and fishing within park boundaries. Broader conflicts, including terrorism, exacerbate challenges.
• Desertification: Unsustainable land use and climate change drive desertification, reducing arable land and natural habitats.
• Weak Governance and Funding: Insufficient funding and weak management structures hinder effective conservation efforts, leaving the park vulnerable to illegal activities like wildlife trafficking, logging, and mining.

Conservation Outlook

Despite the challenges, several strategies offer hope for Chad Basin National Park’s future:

• Community Engagement: Integrating local communities into conservation programs can foster sustainable practices and improve relationships with park authorities.
• Integrated Management: Sustainable land-use systems that balance ecological health with human activities such as grazing and fishing can help achieve conservation goals.
• Regional Cooperation: Collaborative efforts among Lake Chad Basin countries can address transboundary issues like pollution and habitat degradation.
• Increased Funding: International support and investment can improve conservation initiatives, including compensatory schemes for local communities that promote biodiversity protection.

Strategic interventions that address these challenges can ensure the long-term sustainability of Chad Basin National Park.

Final Note

Chad Basin National Park stands as a testament to the beauty and resilience of Nigeria’s natural heritage. Despite facing numerous challenges, the park remains a vital sanctuary for biodiversity and a hub for eco-tourism. With concerted efforts in conservation, community engagement, and sustainable management, Chad Basin National Park has the potential to thrive as a beacon of ecological preservation and cultural significance. By safeguarding this treasure, we make sure that its legacy endures for future generations to cherish.

Okomu National Park, formerly known as the Okomu Wildlife Sanctuary, is one of Nigeria’s most important natural reserves, showcasing a noteworthy portion of the country’s remaining rainforest ecosystem. Located in Edo State, this park is important for biodiversity conservation and serves as a habitat for numerous endangered species. This article provides an extensive overview of Okomu National Park, covering its historical background, ecological diversity, visitor experiences, challenges, and conservation efforts.

Overview

Geographic Location

Okomu National Park is situated in the Ovia South-West Local Government Area of Edo State, approximately 60 kilometers northwest of Benin City. It covers an area of about 200 square kilometers within the larger Okomu Forest Reserve, which spans 1,082 square kilometers. The park is located between latitudes 6° 15ʹ and 6° 25ʹ North and longitudes 5° 9ʹ and 5° 23ʹ East. This region represents one of the last remnants of the once extensive lowland rainforest that characterized the area.

Ecological Significance

As the smallest of Nigeria’s seven national parks, Okomu National Park is important for preserving biodiversity. It contains a variety of ecosystems including swamp forests and high forests, supporting numerous plant and animal species unique to this region.

Historical Background

Okomu National Park has a rich history tied to the preservation of Nigeria’s natural heritage. Originally established as a wildlife sanctuary in 1935 from the Okomu Forest Reserve, it was formally defined in 1986 with an area of just 66 square kilometers. The Nigerian Conservation Foundation (NCF) managed the sanctuary from 1987 until it was transferred to the National Park Service in May 1999.

Historically, the area has faced significant human pressure, including deforestation and land clearing for agriculture. Archaeological evidence indicates that the forest has been cleared and regenerated over the last 700 years. By the early 20th century, only fragmented patches of forest remained due to extensive human activity.

Ecological Diversity

Flora

Okomu National Park is characterized by a rich diversity of plant species typical of the Guinea-Congo lowland rainforest ecosystem. The park is home to approximately 90 native plant species belonging to 45 different families, with the Euphorbiaceae and legume families being particularly prominent. Among the notable tree species are Kapok (Ceiba pentandra), Triplochiton scleroxylon, and Antiaris africana. 

The park is recognized for its mature secondary forest, which provides crucial habitat for various wildlife species. Additionally, a survey identified 60 beneficial medicinal plant species within the reserve, including 50 leafy plants and 10 types of mushrooms, showing the area’s importance for traditional healthcare practices among local communities.

Fauna

Okomu National Park supports a diverse array of wildlife, with 33 mammal species recorded, including the endangered African forest elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis) and the African buffalo (Syncerus caffer). Although elephant sightings are rare—highlighted by the discovery of a one-year-old elephant carcass in 2007—park officials assert that poaching has decreased. The park also harbors vulnerable primate populations, including the white-throated guenon (Cercopithecus erythrogaster). While extensive studies on primates have not been conducted since 1982, reports indicate that chimpanzees may inhabit the region, with estimates suggesting a population of 25-50 individuals in the Okomu Forest Reserve as of 2003.

Other notable fauna include dwarf crocodiles, red river hogs, sitatunga, warthogs, civet cats, Maxwell’s duikers, grass cutters, mona monkeys, Thomas’s galagos, tree pangolins, and red-capped mangabeys (Cercocebus torquatus).

The avian (relating to brids) population is equally impressive, with around 150 bird species identified within the park. Noteworthy species include the Angolan pitta, grey parrot, wrinkled hornbill, fish eagle, various hawks and woodpeckers, as well as several types of negrofinches and cuckoos.

In terms of invertebrates, Okomu National Park owns over 700 butterfly species. However, terrestrial mollusks appear particularly vulnerable to extinction; a survey identified only 46 species across 11 families in one area of the forest. This low diversity may signal underlying environmental issues that require further investigation.

Overall, Okomu National Park serves as a vital sanctuary for both flora and fauna, emphasizing its ecological importance in preserving Nigeria’s rich biodiversity.

Visitor Experience

Okomu National Park offers various amenities and activities for visitors looking to tour its natural beauty:

• Accommodation: Visitors can stay in chalets built on stilts near the park entrance.
• Guided Tours: Knowledgeable guides lead nature walks that highlight the park’s flora and fauna.
• Tree Houses: Two tree houses provide elevated views for birdwatching and observing wildlife.
• Ecotourism Activities: Popular activities include birdwatching, wildlife viewing, canopy tours, and educational programs focused on conservation.

The park is accessible year-round but is best visited during the dry season when wildlife is more active.

Challenges and Conservations outlook

Okomu National Park faces numerous challenges that threaten its ecological integrity:

• Deforestation: Illegal logging activities and agricultural encroachment continue to reduce forest cover.
• Poaching: Despite efforts to curb it, poaching remains a significant threat to endangered species within the park.
• Human-Wildlife Conflict: As local populations expand into park boundaries for farming and hunting, conflicts arise over land use.

To combat these issues, conservation strategies include:

• Strengthening law enforcement against poaching and illegal logging.
• Engaging local communities in sustainable practices that reduce pressure on park resources.
• Establishing partnerships with NGOs and government agencies to improve conservation efforts.

Final Note

Okomu National Park represents a critical area for biodiversity conservation in Nigeria. Its rich ecological diversity and historical significance underscore its importance as both a natural sanctuary and a potential hub for eco-tourism. However, ongoing threats from human activities necessitate robust conservation measures. By encouraging community involvement and implementing sustainable practices, Okomu National Park can continue to thrive as an essential ecological resource for future generations.

Following the discoveries of some of the natural wonders in the Nigeria national parks, let’s expand our horizons and visit some of the most spectacular sceneries in the world. In this article, we will focus on 10 of the best national parks in the world, showcasing the diverse beauty and ecological treasures that make these parks truly exceptional. Here we will go through the tropical forests, steep rocks, and pure lands that create the beauty of our home – Earth.

Kruger National Park

Kruger National Park in northeastern South Africa is one of Africa’s largest game reserves, covering 19,623 square kilometres. Established in 1926, it’s renowned for its diverse wildlife, including the Big Five: lions, leopards, rhinos, elephants, and buffaloes. The park forms part of the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park, linking it with reserves in Zimbabwe and Mozambique. It also plays a key role in conservation and community involvement, with initiatives like land returned to the Makuleke people for tourism development.

Grand Canyon National Park

Grand Canyon National Park is a breathtaking natural wonder located in northwestern Arizona, USA. Covering over 1.2 million acres, the park is renowned for the Grand Canyon itself—a colossal gorge carved by the Colorado River. Stretching 277 miles long, up to 18 miles wide, and nearly 6,000 feet deep, the canyon reveals millions of years of geological history.

Designated a national park in 1919 and a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1979, the Grand Canyon attracts around 4.7 million visitors annually. The park offers diverse experiences, from scenic drives and hiking trails to mule rides and rafting adventures. Visitors can explore both the North and South Rims, connected by roads and trails, while nearby attractions include the Kaibab National Forest and Glen Canyon National Recreation Area.

Glacier National Park

Glacier National Park, located in northwestern Montana, is renowned for its breathtaking landscapes and rich history. Established in 1910, the park spans over 1 million acres and borders Canada’s Waterton Lakes National Park, together forming the Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park. This UNESCO World Heritage Site features stunning mountain ranges, over 130 lakes, and more than 50 glaciers. Visitors can enjoy scenic drives like the Going-to-the-Sun Road and explore diverse wildlife habitats. Despite its beauty, the park faces challenges from climate change, notably the rapid loss of its glaciers.

Banff National Park

Banff National Park, Canada’s oldest national park, lies in the Rocky Mountains about 110–180 kilometres west of Calgary. Covering 6,641 square kilometres, it features stunning mountains, glaciers, forests, and rivers. Visitors can enjoy year-round activities, including skiing, hiking, and wildlife watching. Key highlights include the Banff Upper Hot Springs and the Icefields Parkway. As part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Banff is dedicated to preserving its remarkable natural beauty.

Yellowstone National Park

Yellowstone National Park, established in 1872, is renowned as the world’s first national park. Spanning over 3,400 square miles across Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho, it is celebrated for its stunning geothermal features, including more than 300 geysers and thousands of hot springs, mud pots, and steam vents. The park’s diverse landscape also features 17 rivers, 290 waterfalls, and one of North America’s largest high-elevation lakes, Yellowstone Lake. It is home to a rich variety of wildlife, such as bison, wolves, and grizzly bears, and represents a crucial part of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, the largest nearly intact ecosystem in the northern temperate zone. The park’s historical significance is highlighted by its designation as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1978. Visitors can enjoy hiking, camping, and sightseeing, with access to major attractions via paved roads and seasonal guided tours in winter.

Serengeti National Park

Serengeti National Park in Tanzania is a world-renowned wildlife sanctuary and UNESCO World Heritage Site celebrated for its stunning landscapes and exceptional animal diversity. Spanning 14,763 square kilometres (5,700 square miles), this vast expanse of savanna and woodland is home to over 2 million ungulates, including wildebeests, zebras, and gazelles. The park is famous for the Great Migration, a spectacular annual journey of over 1.5 million wildebeest and 250,000 zebra across the plains. Established in 1951, the Serengeti also boasts the largest lion population in Africa and is a key destination for wildlife enthusiasts. Its name, derived from the Maasai word “Siringet,” means “wide endless plain,” reflecting its expansive, breathtaking landscapes.

Yosemite National Park

Yosemite National Park, located in the Sierra Nevada of central California, is renowned for its stunning landscapes and natural beauty. Covering 1,189 square miles, the park features majestic granite cliffs, iconic waterfalls like Yosemite Falls and Bridalveil Fall, and ancient giant sequoias. It is home to diverse natural wonders including the towering El Capitan, expansive granite domes, and serene lakes and streams. Designated as a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1984, Yosemite offers over 800 miles of hiking trails and is a vital area for both conservation and outdoor recreation. Established as a national park in 1890, it draws nearly four million visitors each year, making it a cornerstone of America’s national park system.

Khao Sok National Park

Khao Sok National Park is a stunning natural gem located in Surat Thani Province, Southern Thailand. Covering 739 square kilometres, it is renowned for its ancient evergreen rainforest, which is older and more diverse than the Amazon. The park features dramatic limestone cliffs, lush valleys, and the picturesque Cheow Lan Lake, created by the Ratchaprapha Dam. Established in 1980, Khao Sok is part of a vast forest complex that spans over 3,500 square kilometres. It is home to a rich variety of wildlife, including elephants, gibbons, and nearly 400 bird species. The park is a key destination for nature enthusiasts, offering opportunities to explore its unique landscapes, wildlife, and activities like boating on the lake and hiking through its verdant terrain. Easily accessible from nearby towns like Phuket and Surat Thani, Khao Sok is a must-visit for anyone seeking an immersive rainforest experience.

Torres del Paine National Park

Torres del Paine National Park in southern Chile is famous for its breathtaking landscapes, including the iconic granite peaks of Torres del Paine. Covering around 700 square miles, the park features stunning glaciers like Grey Glacier and beautiful lakes such as Lago Pehoé. Established in 1959 and a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve since 1978, it draws over 250,000 visitors annually who come for its diverse wildlife and dramatic scenery. Entry fees range from $6 to $30 USD depending on the season.

Plitvice Lakes National Park

Plitvice Lakes National Park in Croatia, a UNESCO World Heritage site, is famous for its 16 interconnected lakes and stunning waterfalls. Established in 1949, the park’s vibrant blue and green lakes, set in a lush karst landscape, attract over a million visitors each year. The lakes are connected by travertine barriers and surrounded by dense forests, making it a top destination for natural beauty.

The Importance of National Parks

National parks are essential for several reasons:

1. Biodiversity Conservation: They protect diverse ecosystems and species, serving as sanctuaries for wildlife. For example, Serengeti National Park is crucial for the Great Migration.
2. Environmental Protection: Parks help preserve natural resources and combat climate change by maintaining forests, wetlands, and other critical areas. Glacier National Park plays a key role in regional climate stability.
3. Scientific Research: They provide natural laboratories for studying ecosystems and environmental changes, contributing valuable knowledge for conservation.
4. Cultural Heritage: Many parks protect historical and cultural sites, enriching our understanding of different cultures and histories.
5. Recreation and Education: Parks offer recreational activities and educational opportunities, fostering a connection with nature and promoting well-being.
6. Economic Benefits: They boost local economies through tourism, creating jobs and supporting local businesses.
7. Climate Regulation: Parks help regulate weather patterns and manage water cycles, contributing to global climate stability.

In essence, national parks are vital for ecological balance, conservation, and enhancing our quality of life. They ensure that future generations can enjoy and learn from the natural world.

Yankari Game Reserve, located in Bauchi State, northeastern Nigeria, is one of the most popular wildlife parks in the country, covering approximately 2,244 square kilometres. Established in 1956 as a game reserve, it was upgraded to Nigeria’s largest national park in 1991. The reserve is rich in wildlife, with major attractions including elephants, lions, antelopes, and a variety of bird species. Situated in the heart of the West African savannah, it offers visitors the opportunity to observe wildlife in their natural habitat. The park is also famous for its natural warm springs, particularly the Wikki Warm Springs, which is a well-known tourist attraction. Yankari Game Reserve plays a crucial role in promoting ecotourism in Nigeria, drawing both local and international visitors.

Overview

Formerly known as Yankari Game Reserve, Yankari National Park is Nigeria’s foremost wildlife park, located in Bauchi State, northeastern Nigeria. Covering an area of about 2,244 square kilometres (870 square miles), it is the largest and most diverse wildlife reserve in Nigeria and is rated among the best ecotourism sites in West Africa. Situated in the West African savanna zone, the park offers visitors the opportunity to observe wildlife in its natural habitat.

Yankari is renowned for housing the largest surviving population of elephants in Nigeria, making it crucial for the protection of these animals. The park is also home to other wildlife, including lions, leopards, hyenas, baboons, giraffes, and various types of antelopes such as the roan, waterbuck, bushbuck, and hartebeest. The park’s water channels support a rich biodiversity, including large populations of hippopotamuses and crocodiles.

The park’s vegetation is primarily savanna, but it also includes grasslands, swampy areas, and dense bush. Among the must-see attractions at Yankari are the Wikki Warm Spring, which maintains a constant temperature of 31°C year-round, providing a refreshing spot for visitors. Other notable sites include the Marshall Caves, featuring 59 caves with ancient rock paintings, and the Dukkey Wells, a historical structure comprising 139 wells carved into sandstone escarpments for water storage.

Yankari National Park was established as a game reserve in 1956 and was officially designated a national park in 1991. It continues to play a vital role in conservation and tourism, offering visitors a chance to experience stunning natural scenery, rich cultural heritage, and remarkable wildlife.

A Brief History

Yankari National Park is a significant refuge for majestic wildlife and has a history spanning several centuries. Although the native people have not lived within the park for over a hundred years, archaeological remains, such as iron smelting areas and ancient caves, bear testimony to their past activities. These historical features, including furnaces excavated from the Delimiri and Ampara areas, are significant as they reflect early human activity in the region. Remarkably, these sites have withstood the effects of weathering.

The park’s modern history began in 1934 when the Northern Regional Committee proposed creating a pilot game reserve within the Bauchi Emirate. This initiative was led by Alhaji Muhammadu Ngeleruma, a minister in the former Northern Nigeria Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Ngeleruma, inspired by his visit to a game reserve in Sudan during a trip through East Africa, strongly supported establishing a similar reserve in Nigeria. His efforts highlighted that the Yankari region was well-suited for wildlife conservation due to its natural attributes.

In 1956, Yankari was officially gazetted as a Game Preservation Area by the Northern Nigeria Government when it was part of the Bauchi Province. A year later, the area was declared a Bauchi Native Authority Forest Reserve, paving the way for its development into a conservation reserve. Yankari was formally opened to the public as Nigeria’s premier game reserve on December 1, 1962. Over the years, the reserve has been managed by various governmental bodies, including the North Eastern State Government and, currently, the Bauchi State Government.

In 1991, Yankari was legally upgraded to a National Park under Decree 36 by the National Government, falling under the National Park Service. This change marked a new chapter in the park’s management, with a stronger focus on conserving its diverse flora and fauna and its archaeological features. For example, in the late 1990s, a significant rehabilitation project was launched to preserve these sites, supporting both heritage conservation and ecological tourism.

However, in 2006, Yankari was stripped of its National Park status following a petition by the Bauchi State Government, which assumed management of the park. Despite this change, Yankari continues to thrive as an ecotourism site, attracting visitors to its natural attractions, including wildlife and significant sites such as the Dukkey Wells, Marshall Caves, and the Anfara Iron Smelting Centre.

Ecological Diversity

Yankari National Park is a testament to Nigeria’s natural wonders, serving as a vital sanctuary for diverse ecological systems that are home to numerous animal species. Over fifty species of mammals have been identified within the park, making it one of the premier conservation centres in West Africa. Among the most notable are the African bush elephant, which boasts one of the largest populations on the continent, and the lion, whose population has been reported as critically low. Other large species include the olive baboon, patas monkey, Tantalus monkey, roan antelope, hartebeest, African buffalo, waterbuck, bushbuck, and hippopotamus, all contributing to the park’s rich ecosystem.

Yankari is also renowned for its rich avian diversity, with over 350 bird species recorded. This includes 130 resident birds, 50 Palearctic migrant birds from Europe and Asia, and various intra-African migrants. Some of the common avian species include the saddle-billed stork, helmeted guineafowl, African grey hornbill, and cattle egret, making the park a prime birding destination.

The park’s diverse habitats, ranging from dense forests and open savannas to riparian lands, support this biodiversity. The Gaji, Yashi, and Yuli rivers, along with several warm water springs, provide essential resources for the park’s flora and fauna. These water bodies sustain the park’s extensive and rich freshwater communities, including various fish species and other aquatic life.

Geologically, Yankari is located on a formation of sandstone, siltstone, and kaolinite, while the valleys contain more recent alluvial deposits. This geological background influences the soil and vegetation types, which are well-suited to support the park’s diverse fauna.

In conclusion, this work highlights Yankari’s significance as a Lion Conservation Unit, alongside Kainji National Park, contributing to the global effort to conserve lions. However, challenges persist, particularly the growing issue of human-wildlife conflict, as elephants increasingly invade local farms. Despite these challenges, Yankari National Park remains a crucial natural reserve for wildlife conservation, demonstrating that Nigeria’s natural heritage can successfully navigate the challenges of the modern world.

Visitor Experience

Yankari National Park is a premier vacation destination, offering a unique blend of natural beauty and historical intrigue. Located in Bauchi State, Nigeria, this expansive wildlife park allows visitors to observe some of Africa’s most cherished animals in their natural habitat. The park is renowned for its diverse flora and fauna, including elephants, lions, leopards, antelopes, giraffes, baboons, and hyenas.

One of the park’s standout features is the Wikki Warm Springs. Flowing at approximately 21 million litres per day from the Gaji River, this natural spring provides a warm, clear water experience where visitors can swim any time of day or night. Other springs, such as Dimmil, Gwan, and Nawulgo, also offer relaxing spots to unwind after exploring the park’s natural landscapes.

For history enthusiasts, Yankari National Park has much to offer. The Marshall Caves, with their 59 sandstone caves, feature ancient paintings and engravings that provide insights into the region’s early inhabitants. Nearby, well-preserved sandstone cisterns and other historical artefacts reveal the ingenuity of early locals in managing water resources.

The park’s visitor centre, Wikki Camp, is located 42 kilometres from the main entrance. It offers a range of accommodations, from presidential suites to youth hostels, and is conveniently situated near the Wikki Warm Springs. The camp includes dining facilities, a bar, and conference rooms. Safari trips can be arranged daily from the camp, providing guided tours to enhance the park experience.

The museum at Wikki Camp is another highlight, featuring a collection of taxidermy specimens, including skins, teeth, and fully mounted animals from the park. It also serves as a centre for conservation, showcasing poacher traps and hunting equipment to highlight the ongoing efforts to protect the park’s natural resources.

Visitors should be aware that baboons in the park can become aggressive if they see plastic bags. It is also advisable to bring your own food, as the restaurant options may be limited. Additionally, only MTN and Airtel networks are available, and Wi-Fi is generally slow. However, these minor inconveniences are far outweighed by the park’s rich offerings.

Whether you’re seeking adventure, relaxation by the pool, or a dive into historical sites, Yankari National Park offers a versatile and exciting experience that makes it a must-visit destination in Nigeria.

Challenges and Conservations Outlook

Various issues affecting conservation and the overall health of the ecosystem at Yankari National Park include:

1. Loss of Natural Vegetation: Overgrazing by large herds of livestock has led to significant loss of natural vegetation. This degradation impacts the park’s biodiversity.
2. Harvesting and Hunting: The harvesting of animals for food and other purposes negatively affects populations of animals, birds, and mammals. Additionally, using prohibited fishing methods harms aquatic species and disrupts the ecological balance.
3. Management Challenges: Ineffective management exacerbates these issues. Low wages and inadequate equipment for park employees hinder monitoring and protection efforts. Limited funds also restrict conservation activities and infrastructure maintenance, making it difficult to address threats effectively.
4. Human Activities: Activities such as cutting down trees for fuel and producing charcoal, unauthorized logging, and harvesting non-forest wood products further strain the park’s ecosystems and natural habitats.
5. Weak Conservation Laws: The enforcement of outdated and ineffective conservation laws fails to deter poachers and other illegal activities. Inconsistent prosecution allows many poachers to evade justice, leading to repeat offences and ongoing threats to wildlife.

Security issues add complexity to the situation. Community attacks and kidnapping threaten wildlife conservation programs and the safety of rangers, while the presence of armed groups within or near the park endangers both animal and human lives. Additionally, hydrocarbon exploration activities in the surrounding areas could pose ecological pressures, potentially threatening the park’s ecological status.

To address these challenges, several improvements can be made. Enhancing patrol structures, such as extending and repaving tracks, will improve surveillance and monitoring of conservation efforts. Increasing ranger capacity through training programs, particularly in firearms use and community engagement, is also crucial. Furthermore, inadequate legal actions and lenient punishments have hindered wildlife conservation efforts, making law reforms and stricter penalties essential.

Better interaction with local stakeholders can reduce illegal activities and overuse of natural resources. High-level monitoring and surveillance are necessary to respond to threats, and the increased use of equipment and methods is vital for handling park threats. Developing ecotourism could provide economic benefits and support conservation objectives, considering the park’s unique features and historical sites.

Therefore, the government must take action. Operational interventions to address current and future security threats, along with efforts to protect Yankari National Park, will significantly impact its role in conserving biological and ecological diversity.

Final Note

Yankari National Park stands as a classic example of Nigeria’s ecological and historical icons. Covering an area of 224,443 hectares, it continues to serve as a major refuge for wildlife, including the largest elephant population on the African continent. Key natural attractions include the Wikki Warm Springs and Marshall Caves, which also have historical significance.

Despite its importance, the park faces challenges such as poaching, habitat alteration, and management issues that threaten its stability. Addressing these challenges requires improvements in infrastructure, legal frameworks, and local community involvement. With these measures, Yankari can fulfil its tourism potential and enhance conservation efforts, continuing to be a symbol of West Africa’s ecological and historical value.

Old Oyo was one of the significant pre-colonial empires in Nigeria, and this historical park makes Nigeria one of the most attractive countries for tourists. The park is named after the old town of Oyo-Ile, which was the political capital of the Oyo Empire from the 16th to 18th centuries. As a result, visitors can explore a rich mix of archaeological, cultural, and historical interests. The park covers an area of 2,512 square kilometres (970 sq mi) and is located in the northern part of Oyo State and the southern part of Kwara State, making it an area rich in wildlife and cultural attractions.

The park spans eleven local government areas, ten of which are in Oyo State, with the remaining one in Kwara State. This location makes the park easily accessible from many southwestern and northwestern Nigeria areas. The administrative head office is situated at Isokun, Oyo, along the Oyo-Iseyin road, where visitors can find an information desk and a booking section to obtain necessary information and make reservations. The well-maintained gardens and organised areas make the park attractive, with wildlife such as buffaloes, bushbucks, and many species of birds.

The park is surrounded by other towns, including Saki, Iseyin, Igboho, Sepeteri, Tede, Kishi, and Igbeti, where commercial and tourism opportunities abound. This makes OLD OYO NATIONAL PARK a unique centre for tourism, combining natural beauty and historical significance unmatched by other parks in Nigeria.

 

Overview

Old Oyo National Park is one of the largest and most biogeographically diverse national parks in Nigeria, covering nearly 2,512 square kilometres in southwestern Nigeria. The park is located in the northern part of Oyo State and the southern part of Kwara State, and it is endowed with natural and historical sights as well as diverse wildlife.

Geographic Location

Located between the coordinates of 8° 15’ 0” N and 9° 00’ 0” N, and 3° 35’ 0” E and 4° 42’ 0” E, Old Oyo National Park occupies a region of multiple terrains. It is bounded by eleven local government areas, ten of which are in Oyo State, with the remaining one in Kwara State. This unique geographic location makes the park one of a kind, where a wide variety of ecological features coexist with cultural values.

Landscape and Natural Features

The landscape of Old Oyo National Park is predominantly composed of lowland plains, rivers, granite outcrops, and rocky hills, each contributing to the park’s distinct topography.

• Lowland Plains: Similar to many other parks in Nigeria, the relief is relatively low, with almost 90% of the park featuring gently undulating plains along the valleys of the Ogun River. These plains provide fertile ground for vegetation and support a wide range of wildlife.
• Rivers: The park is home to the Ogun River, which passes through its valleys, along with other rivers such as the Owu, Owe, and Tessi. These rivers provide essential water sources for the park’s plant and animal life and host diverse aquatic organisms.
• Granite Outcrops and Rock Formations: In the northeastern region of the park, dark red to greenish granites form rugged outcrops near the archaeological zone of Oyo-Ile. The geographical centre of the park features scattered hills, ridges, and numerous rock formations. The northern area, with its caves and rock shelters, holds geological significance within the park.

A Brief History

Origins as Forest Reserves

Old Oyo National Park, has its origins in two forest reserves established during the colonial period: Upper Ogun Forest Reserve, established in 1936, and Oyo-Ile Forest Reserve, in 1941. These reserves were created for the conservation of the area’s key species and are considered the initial steps toward environmental conservation.

Transition to Game Reserves

In 1952, due to the significant natural and cultural importance of these areas, the Nigerian government upgraded the forest reserves to game reserves. This transition aimed to protect the wildlife in these areas from extinction due to hunting and habitat loss. The game reserves provided shelter to various forms of life, thereby enhancing the conservation of the area’s natural resources.

Formation of Old Oyo National Park

In 1991, the game reserves were officially merged and converted into national parks under Decree 36, which also established four other national parks in the country. This marked the legal formation of Old Oyo National Park, intending to preserve the area’s natural and historical systems.

Current Landscape and Features

Currently, Old Oyo National Park covers an area of 2,512 square kilometres and spans 11 local government areas. The park features diverse habitats, including woodland, savanna woodland, outcrop vegetation, and riparian grasslands. These habitats support a wide variety of plant and animal species, including endangered species like the painted hunting dog and the western kob.

In addition to its scenic beauty, the park holds historical significance, being home to the site of the ancient city of Oyo-Ile, once the political capital of the Oyo Empire. The park’s amenities include game viewing tracks, a mini museum, and guided tours to historical and political sites.

Ecological Diversity

Old Oyo National Park is not only an exciting ecological destination but also a place rich in cultural diversity.

Flora

The park boasts a variety of plant species that form the foundation of its ecological system. The terrain is characterized by low and gently rolling relief, with vegetation primarily consisting of Guinea savanna. This includes open wooded lands, grass plains, and sparse stands of trees, particularly along watercourses. These plants provide essential food and shelter for the park’s fauna. Notable tree and shrub species include Isoberlinia doka and Terminalia spp., which thrive in savannah, montane, and coastal regions. Other species such as Chisgiokea parviflora, Piliostigma thonningii, Vadulia madagascariensis, and Afzelia africana contribute to the park’s biodiversity. These plants not only enhance the park’s aesthetic appeal but also play crucial roles in supporting both herbivores and carnivores.

Fauna

The park is home to a rich variety of fauna, including numerous mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians. Key mammalian species include:

• African Buffalo (Syncerus caffer): Large herbivores common in the park, they have a significant impact on the vegetation due to their grazing.
• Kob (Kobus kob): This antelope species is often seen in the grasslands and open areas, feeding on the abundant grass.
• Bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus): These nocturnal antelopes inhabit the park’s thorny acacia shrubs and riverine forests.
• Roan Antelope (Hippotragus equinus): A large and powerful species, the Roan Antelope prefers the wooded savanna.
• Western Hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus): These herbivores are mostly found in the open grasslands, grazing on the grasses.
• Patas Monkey (Erythrocebus patas): Known for their speed, these ground-dwelling monkeys inhabit the savanna woodlands, though they are not as common.
• Waterbuck (Kobus ellipsiprymnus): Often seen near water sources, these animals prefer habitats close to rivers and lakes.

The park once hosted the West African wild dog (Lycaon pictus manguensis), a species that has since disappeared due to hunting and human settlement expansion, highlighting the challenges of wildlife conservation.

Avifauna

Old Oyo National Park is also rich in avian fauna, providing a sanctuary for many bird species. The diverse terrains, including Acacia savanna, miombo woodlands, open grasslands, and riverine forests, offer ideal breeding grounds and refuges for both resident and migratory birds. Species like the African grey hornbill, Abyssinian ground hornbill, various sunbirds, and kingfishers make the park a significant birding destination.

Rivers and Water Bodies

The park is traversed by several rivers, including the Ogun, Owu, and Owe rivers. These rivers create riparian belts that differ markedly from the surrounding landscape in terms of vegetation and wildlife. They are crucial water sources, especially during the dry season, and play an integral role in the park’s ecology.

Visitor Experience

Old Oyo National Park is unique for its diverse wildlife, historical sites, and cultural points worth visiting. Here’s what you can expect during your visit:

Southern Park Area: Fauna & Tourism

In the southern sector of the park, you may spot animals such as Nile crocodiles, rock pythons, lions, antelopes, and buffaloes. IKERE Gorge Lake is suitable for sports fishing and boat rentals for cruising. The best time to visit is from October to early April during the dry season when animals congregate around water sources.

Northern Park Area: History & Archaeology

The northern area of the park is a significant historical and archaeological reserve. You can explore the ancient city walls of Oyo Ile, Agbaku Hills with Stone Age relics, Kosomonu Hill, and the old AKesan market. The Alaafin’s Palaces and ancient pottery offer insights into the Oyo Empire’s past. Birdwatching enthusiasts will be pleased to find over thirty bird species in this area.

Central Park Area: Landscape & Climbing

The central zone of the park is ideal for climbing and offers breathtaking views. Here, you can experience diverse natural resources, including wild buffaloes and bushbucks.

Cultural and Mystical Sites

Oyo-Ile hosts 22 historical sites, including the Alaafin Palace and Songo Shrine. The Ogun Jokoro, a mystical piece of armour and an artefact of the Yoruba people, is a notable feature of the park.

Local Communities

Nearby local centres such as Saki, Iseyin, and Igboho offer a glimpse into local life, as they are cultural and trading hubs.

Old Oyo National Park is one of Nigeria’s historical parks, offering a rich blend of natural landscapes and cultural experiences, making it a recommended destination for visitors.

Challenges and Conservation Outlook

Challenges

Illegal Activities

• Poaching: Although poaching has decreased since the early 2000s, it remains a significant problem. Further efforts are needed to prevent a resurgence of this issue.
• Logging: In the Tede, Sepeteri, and Oyo-Ile religious ranges of the forest, illegal logging distorts the ecosystem.
• Illegal Herding: Poachers often cannot differentiate park boundaries, leading to overgrazing and habitat destruction.

Environmental Factors

• Climate Change: Global warming has forced nomadic livestock keepers to encroach on the park, destroying natural habitats.
• Logging: Ongoing illegal logging continues to fuel deforestation and undermine ecosystems.

Community Relations

• Limited Involvement: The local community has no input in park management and lacks knowledge about the park’s status, leading to impaired conservation efforts.
• Awareness Issues: Many people living near the park are unaware of its regulations and thus infringe upon park rules.

Other Threats

• Hunting and Grazing: These activities, along with honey tapping, pose threats to the park across all its ranges.
• Fishing: While regulated in the Oyo-Ile range, uncontrolled fishing in other areas can have dire consequences for aquatic life.

Efficiency Challenges

• Resource Diversity: The park’s diverse resource base complicates the measurement of conservation achievements. Therefore, appropriate monitoring strategies are needed.

Conservation Outlook

• Enhancing Anti-Poaching Efforts: Encourage governments to strengthen and sustain anti-poaching measures to aid animal conservation.
• Combating Illegal Logging: Enforce regulations and ensure sustainable practices to prevent further forest loss.
• Addressing Climate Change: Utilize wildlife corridors and educate inhabitants about climate change effects to aid adaptation.
• Improving Community Engagement: Increase local participation in park management and educate the community on the park’s importance.
• Promoting Sustainable Practices: Support selective and sustainable hunting, grazing, and honey tapping, and promote incentives for eco-friendly products.
• Strengthening Monitoring and Evaluation: Develop specific monitoring frameworks to enhance the evaluation of conservation strategies.

Final Note

Old Oyo National Park is a fascinating blend of history and nature in Nigeria, representing a unique intersection of the country’s heritage and its diverse environmental conditions. Covering an area of 2,512 km² in Oyo and Kwara states, the park offers visitors a rich tapestry of ecosystems and historical significance. It features lowland plains, ancient rocks, vital rivers, and historical ruins that reflect the nation’s past. However, the park faces challenges such as poaching, illegal deforestation, and climate change, which threaten its delicate balance. Addressing these issues requires improved conservation strategies, increased community involvement, and sustainable practices to preserve Old Oyo’s beauty for future generations.

Gashaka-Gumti National Park, Nigeria’s largest national park, is situated in the northeastern part of the country, adjacent to Cameroon and the Mambilla Plateau. Covering 6,400 km², it showcases Nigeria’s natural grandeur, with rugged terrains, montane forests, expansive savannah grasslands, and Nigeria’s highest peak, Chappal Waddi, at 2,419 meters (7,936 feet). The park serves as a crucial water catchment area for the Benue River, ensuring its flow even during the dry season.

Overview

Formed in 1991 from two earlier game reserves—Gashaka in Taraba State and Gumti in Adamawa State—the park was named after these historic settlements. The park’s diverse landscape includes northern savannahs and southern hilly, mountainous regions. This variation in topography gives rise to different ecosystems, including montane forests in the south and open grasslands in the north.

The park plays a vital role in preserving water catchment areas for the Benue River, which supports local communities. Additionally, it includes areas reserved for Fulani nomads who practice traditional agriculture and livestock rearing, integrating conservation with local livelihoods. The establishment of the park followed early conservation efforts in the 1970s, which were initially hindered by economic challenges and disease outbreaks. The park’s official creation in 1991 marked a significant milestone in Nigeria’s conservation history.

Flora and Fauna

Gashaka-Gumti is home to a rich array of wildlife. It boasts 103 mammal species, including the African buffalo, African elephant, chimpanzee, and the rarely-seen Adamawa mountain reedbuck. The park is also noted for its avian diversity, with over 500 bird species, making it one of Africa’s Important Bird Areas (IBA). Significant bird species include the red-faced lovebird, which is found only in this park and Bamingui-Bangoran National Park in the Central African Republic.

The park’s flora is equally diverse. It supports 426 plant species across 104 families and 306 genera. In the northern sector, you’ll find trees like Acacia and Afzelia, while the southern sector features species such as Triplochiton scleroxylon and Aubrvillea kerstingii. Notably, the red sunbird bush, an endemic species, was discovered in the Leinde Fadale forest in 2002.

Climate

Gashaka-Gumti experiences a steppe climate with temperatures ranging from 16°C (61°F) in the cooler months to 38°C (100.3°F) during the hotter periods. The annual rainfall averages around 672 mm (26.5 inches), with significant fluctuations in both relative humidity and rainfall, peaking in August.

Historical Background

The park’s conservation history began in the 1960s with efforts to protect its biodiversity from uncontrolled hunting. In 1966, a land systems survey was commissioned, followed by a recommendation in 1969 to establish a game reserve or national park. This led to the creation of three game sanctuaries in 1972. However, economic difficulties and disease outbreaks in the 1980s affected conservation efforts, which were revived with increased international support, leading to the park’s establishment in 1991.

Ecological Diversity

Gashaka-Gumti’s ecological diversity is remarkable. The park’s various environments include lowland rainforest, Southern Guinea savanna, and montane vegetation. Notable plant species include Terminalia superba, Khaya grandifoliola, and Syzygium guineense. The park also supports a wide range of wildlife, including lions, leopards, golden cats, and giant forest hogs, as well as 44 species of amphibians and reptiles.

Conservation Challenges

The park faces significant challenges, including illegal logging, poaching, deforestation, and human-wildlife conflicts. Illegal logging, especially of Rosewood, has led to conflicts between loggers and park rangers, resulting in fatalities among rangers. Additionally, activities such as grazing and the presence of invasive species threaten the park’s ecosystems. Despite these challenges, there have been positive developments, including increased forest cover and enhanced ranger patrols.

Visitor Experience

Gashaka-Gumti offers diverse activities for visitors, including wildlife observation, cultural heritage exploration, and nature-based adventures. Attractions include the Hippo Pool, the German Fort, the GGNP Museum, and the Mayo Kam River. The park is also known for primate watching, bird watching, mountaineering, and sport fishing. Visitors can enjoy well-paved trails, outdoor camping, and hot springs near Gashaka village.

Visitor Facilities

The park provides a range of facilities to enhance visitor experience. Accommodation options include premium suites and luxury rooms. Conference centres are available for groups, and guided vehicles and trained guides are provided to assist with wildlife viewing and park exploration.

Employment and Community Impact

Gashaka-Gumti contributes to the local economy by employing 277 individuals, including locals and non-locals. This workforce is integral to the park’s operation and reflects its social importance.

Challenges and Conservation Outlook

The park’s conservation efforts face ongoing challenges, including illegal activities and human-wildlife conflicts. Nevertheless, there have been promising signs of progress, such as increased forest cover and improved ranger patrols. Community involvement and support from traditional leaders are crucial for the park’s continued protection.

Final Note

Gashaka-Gumti National Park is a vital part of Nigeria’s natural heritage, renowned for its stunning landscapes and biodiversity. Despite facing significant challenges, recent improvements in conservation efforts and community engagement provide hope for the park’s future. Protecting this unique ecosystem requires ongoing support and dedication to ensure its preservation for future generations.

Kainji National Park, one of Nigeria’s most famous national parks, is situated in Niger State and Kwara State. Established in 1978, it spans approximately 5,341 km² (2,062 sq mi) and comprises three distinct sectors: part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu game reserve, and the Zugurma game reserve. This park serves as a major centre for wildlife conservation and is a popular destination for ecotourism in Nigeria.

The park features round hills, expansive pediments/plains stretching between the hills, and incised river channels that gradually decline into the River Niger valley. The wildlife includes elephants, lions, buffaloes, antelopes, hippos, Patas monkeys, Nile crocodiles, leopards, hyenas, bushbucks, and many more. Additionally, around 180 bird species have been documented, including Secretary Birds, Ground Hornbills, and Great White Pelicans.

Overview

Borgu and Zugurma game reserves form the Kainji Lake National Park (KLNP), Nigeria’s first national park, created in 1978. Covering 5,340 square kilometres with a diameter of 31 kilometres and an area of 2,062 square miles (82 square kilometres), it is located between latitudes 9°40’N – 10°30’N and longitudes 3°30’E – 5°50’E, about 500 kilometres from Lagos and 385 kilometres northeast of Abuja.

The park is divided into three sectors, which include important tourist attractions such as the Zugurma Game Reserve, the Borgu Game Reserve, and Kainji Lake. The park is managed by the Federal National Park Service (FNPS) and receives direct funding from the government. This funding enables the park to effectively enforce anti-poaching measures under the National Park Laws.

KLNP is home to a diverse range of wildlife, with more than 34 species of animals and reptiles, and over 350 species of birds. Animals that can be seen in KLNP include wild hogs, cheetahs, lions, monkeys, crocodiles, baboons, duikers, hippopotamuses, hyenas, kobs, roans, and warthogs. The avian fauna includes species such as the little grebe, blue quail, laughing dove, red-eyed dove, spur-winged goose, guinea fowl, common ostrich, Senegal coucal, cuckoo, African pygmy goose, and cattle egret.

The park features a variety of reptilian species, including the Nile and West African slender-snouted crocodiles, turtles, monitor lizards, snakes, and lizards. Lake Kainji itself contains 82 species of fish. The Zugurma sector of the park includes the Guinean forest-savanna mosaic, with tree covers of Afzelia africana, Daniella oliveri, and Terminalia macroptera. The park also has inselbergs with rounded slopes, wide pediments, and waterways that gently slope towards the River Niger valley.

Although the park is sparsely populated, human activities such as deforestation, burning, and grazing, especially in the Zugurma sector, impact it. However, as a Lion Conservation Unit, jointly with Yankari National Park, the park plays a valuable role in Nigeria’s wildlife preservation efforts.

A Brief History

Kainji National Park was created in 1978 through the amalgamation of the two-game reserves of Zugurma and Borgu. It was the first national park in Nigeria and the first experimental attempt to manage wildlife for recreational purposes in the country. Covering 5,340.82 square kilometres (2,062 square miles) across Niger and Kwara states, the park includes three main sectors:

1. Kainji Lake: Established by the Kainji Dam in 1968, this man-made reservoir on the Niger River is important for supplying electricity, enhancing river transportation, and providing water for irrigation. However, fishing is partly prohibited in the lake as it is located within the park.
2. Borgu Game Reserve: This sector occupies 3,929 square kilometres west of the lake and is mainly a savanna forest.
3. Zugurma Game Reserve: This sector lies towards the southeastern part of the park and adds to the park’s diversity, especially in terms of wildlife.

The park is home to many antelopes, such as baboons, duikers, giant hippopotamuses, hyenas, kobs, roan antelopes, and warthogs. It also boasts diverse plant species, water bodies, archaeological relics, and various cultural elements.

In 2005, Kainji National Park, along with Yankari National Park, was declared a Lion Conservation Unit, highlighting its significance as a habitat for lions. However, due to regional insecurity, the National Parks Service closed operations and research in the park in 2021.

In October 2023, the Nigeria National Park Service partnered with the West African Conservation Network, a UK/Nigeria-based organization, to co-manage the park for a renewable 31-year period. This cooperation focuses on protecting and restoring the park’s natural resources and ensuring their continued preservation.

Ecological Diversity

Flora:

The Borgu sector is characterized by savanna woodland, with species such as Burkea africana, Terminalia avicennioides, and Detarium microcarpum predominating. In the Zugurma sector, economically and multipurpose important trees, including Afzelia africana, Daniella oliveri, and Khaya senegalensis, are found. However, this area faces challenges such as overgrazing and soil erosion. The park hosts a variety of plants, with 164 species of dicotyledons and 110 species of monocotyledons identified.

Fauna:

KLNP is home to 65 species of mammals, 350 avian genera (bird species), and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. Notable large animals include lions, leopards, elephants, and African wild dogs.

Reptiles:

The park features West African crocodiles, slender-snouted crocodiles, turtles, Nile monitors, and various lizards and snakes.

Amphibians:

There are 15 species of amphibians.

Fish:

About 118 species of fish are present, belonging to 23 different families.

Birds:

The bird population includes approximately 200-300 species of Passeriformes (perching birds) in 30 families, 16 species of Anseriformes (waterfowl) in two families, 15 species of Galliformes (game birds) in two families, and 13 species of Charadriiformes (shorebirds) in one family, along with species from four other unidentified families.

Molluscs:

Two species of molluscs (Invertebrate animals with soft bodies typically enclosed in shells, including snails, clams, squids, and octopuses, found in various habitats worldwide) have been identified in the park.

Visitor Experience

Tourism activities in Kainji National Park are as follows: Located around Kainji Lake, which was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam, the park is a beautiful destination for wildlife enthusiasts.

The conservation efforts in Kainji National Park mainly focus on the Borgu area, which is more convenient for visitors and better developed for tourism. Tourists can engage in various activities such as wildlife watching, a boat cruise on Kainji Lake, and a tour of the Kainji Dam power station. The park also provides conservation education, camps, lectures, cultural information, camping sites, and other services.

Accommodation is available at the Kainji Parkway Hotel, which offers a comfortable resting place for tourists visiting the park to see its natural features. The park is excellent for wildlife observation, where visitors can see elephants, baboons, antelopes, crocodiles, and diverse birdlife, making it ideal for ecological tourism.

Sightseeing opportunities include places like the Ganwa and Doro Hills, which provide the best vantage points of the park’s terrains. Cultural tours highlight the indigenous people’s connection to the area and their traditions, enriching the cultural experience for tourists.

Kainji National Park is perfect for eco-tourism and nature-based activities such as wildlife viewing, bird watching, and studying the numerous ecosystems found in the park. Kainji Lake, with its variety of fish, also offers recreational fishing opportunities.

Visitors planning a trip should consult local or park authorities for any updates on information and safety measures. Services like information centres and guided tours enhance the experience, making Kainji National Park a valuable recreational destination in Nigeria’s tourism landscape.

Challenges and Conservation Outlook

Kainji National Park faces several threats, including poaching, overgrazing, and habitat alteration. In particular, the Zugurma sector demonstrates unstable conditions for drainage and vegetation, primarily due to poaching. Additionally, Kainji Lake National Park in northwestern Nigeria encounters several other challenges:

• Funding: Inadequate funding and misappropriation of available funds hinder conservation efforts. This affects resources needed for vehicle maintenance, patrols, and track upkeep.
• Staffing: The park struggles to effectively manage its extensive territories and numerous inhabitants due to a chronic lack of dedicated personnel.
• Infrastructure: Poor infrastructure and unmaintained equipment reduce the efficiency of park operations.
• Security: Persistent security concerns necessitate cooperation under a 31-year co-management agreement between WACN (West African Conservation Network) and the Nigerian National Park Service.

Despite these challenges, the park is classified as a Lion Conservation Unit and still receives government subsidies for protection and funding. Continued efforts to develop and employ strategies for environmental awareness and public participation remain crucial for conserving the park’s ecosystem and species.

Security Concerns

Recent reports confirm that the security situation in Kainji National Park is becoming increasingly volatile. Violent Jihadi fighters, who have long been present in the insecure Sahel region of Africa, have relocated to northwestern Nigeria after crossing the border from Benin. This trend poses a potential risk to the park and its neighbouring communities.

According to the Clingendael Institute, for the past year, some extremist groups suspected to be part of al-Qaida, which previously operated in northern Benin, have relocated to Kainji Lake National Park. Some local residents reported that the park has remained closed for more than a year due to threats from armed personnel attacking neighbouring villages and roads.

The presence of these armed groups poses a serious risk to the remaining lions, whose numbers are already dwindling due to climate change and poaching. Environmentalists like Stella Egbe from the Nigerian Conservation Foundation worry that security has become the top priority in protecting these lions.

The situation in the 5,303 square kilometre park is deteriorating further. Analysts note that conducive factors such as the availability of mineral resources, high poverty levels, and the region’s remoteness may allow jihadi groups to grow. This could potentially turn northwestern Nigeria into a logistical centre for fundraising for these groups, making the region even more volatile.

Final Note

Kainji National Park is another sign of seriousness towards wildlife conservation and tours in Nigeria. It still holds potential as a habitat for several species and remains unique for nature lovers. Maintenance and preservation are needed to keep the park in its current state, ensuring its habitat and beauty are preserved for future generations. However, the park faces various complicated security challenges.

Nigeria remains an example of how traditional beliefs can be used to preserve wildlife in alignment with the nation’s cultural values. This unique combination showcases the society’s deep appreciation for multiculturalism and its commitment to wildlife conservation.

Beliefs native to cultural heritage tend to respect wildlife and closely relate to it. Several great natural features are imbued with cultural significance, particularly through worship among pre-scientific communities, thereby contributing to their protection.

Traditional knowledge may also help in understanding how resources can be used efficiently concerning the current strategies for the protection of natural resources. Nigeria’s cultural composition intertwines with diverse beliefs, as each culture has a different perception of wild animals.

Thus, it is crucial to acknowledge the importance of tradition in responding to the particularities of the challenges related to conservation in Nigeria’s context. It can therefore be seen that incorporating such beliefs in conservation plans enhances the participation of the community, thus presenting a more honourable method of conservation planning.

Traditional Practices in Nigeria

In some Nigerian societies, sacred groves serve as natural reserves for specific animal species. For instance, the Osun-Osogbo Sacred Grove, a UNESCO World Heritage site, is a sanctuary for various animals. The Efik tribe, for example, prohibits the killing of monkeys for any reason, while different tribes may taboo certain species of wild animals for consumption. These practices have helped conserve some animal species from extinction.

Customs have been established to promote safe hunting and control the exploitation of wild resources. Hunting follows specific rules to prevent the overuse of wildlife, ensuring maximum protection for these species.

There are quite strong perceptions associated with traditional knowledge that emphasize the conservation of natural resources. Tribes have also come up with measures in conservation where the community directly participates in wildlife conservation. For instance, the Yankari Game Reserve in Bauchi State is a prime example of successful community involvement in wildlife management. Local communities have been actively engaged in conservation efforts, including anti-poaching patrols and habitat restoration projects. This has led to a significant increase in wildlife populations within the reserve, with species such as elephants, lions, and hippos making a comeback. Similarly, in Gashaka Gumti National Park, community outreach programs have been instrumental in promoting coexistence between wildlife and residents. Through education and awareness campaigns, communities have learned to value and protect the park’s biodiversity. As a result, incidents of human-wildlife conflict have decreased, and wildlife populations have thrived. Such beliefs and practices help in the attainment of sustainable use of natural resources, ensuring that the use of resources benefits the owner while not depleting the resource in question.

A Case Study: Kpashimi Forest Reserve

A research study conducted on a survey concerning the exploitation of forest resources and measures of forest conservation among the people living close to the Kpashimi Forest Reserve in Niger State supports the concept of Traditional Ecological Knowledge. This includes concepts such as the protection of certain areas as biogeological reserves for endangered species and plants, rituals that forbid the utilization of certain natural resources through ‘no-take’ zones, and myths that outline dos and don’ts regarding the use of natural resources. It also includes harvesting techniques that are based on the spiritual significance of forests and the creatures and plants within them.

Indeed, acknowledging these immense values and the impacts of the ever-changing environment, the natives have recognized the need to integrate the indigenous knowledge system with the modern forestry system. Therefore, it is evident that modern conservation programs should not only acknowledge local beliefs and ideas but also incorporate them into practice to maintain forest genetic diversity.

Incorporating indigenous knowledge and traditional practices alongside formal conservation strategies is essential for effectively preserving Nigeria’s diverse biological features. Various Nigerian communities demonstrate that respecting cultural beliefs and integrating them into conservation measures can significantly enhance their effectiveness. It is important for people to value the traditional knowledge passed down through generations and recognize the cultural importance of natural resources to expand conservation programs. This approach not only protects wildlife and natural habitats but also fosters a sense of ownership among local communities, leading to long-term conservation success. To address environmental problems and conserve natural resources for future generations, it is important to understand the interconnection between tradition and modernity in Nigeria.

Positioned on the edge of Cross River National Park, visitors are immediately surrounded by a harmonious display of natural beauty. Located in Cross River State, Nigeria, in the southeastern corner of the country, this expansive wilderness showcases the magnificence of nature. Encompassing 4,000 square kilometres, it is recognised as Nigeria’s largest closed-canopy rainforest, a lush gem within Africa’s ancient forests.

Cross River National Park, divided into two separate divisions known as Okwangwo and Oban, showcases remarkable diversity. Established in 1991 and 1988, these divisions are home to a wide range of ecosystems, each with its own unique story. Oban, the larger division spanning over 3,000 square kilometres, dominates the landscape with its rugged terrain that demands respect. From the gradual slopes in the south to the towering peaks reaching 1,700 meters in the north, the park’s landscape is both diverse and breathtaking.

Enveloped by lush greenery, a diverse array of wildlife flourishes. Among the towering trees of the rainforest, 16 different primate species call this place home, from the impressive Cross River gorillas to the elusive drills and charming common chimpanzees. The melodious songs of birds echo through the air, while secretive creatures of the forest floor contribute an element of intrigue to this untouched sanctuary. Cross River National Park serves not only as a refuge for animals but also as a vivid illustration of the delicate balance of nature.

This park holds the prestigious title of being a biodiversity hotspot designated by the United Nations. It serves as more than just a wildlife sanctuary; it stands as a symbol of optimism for conservationists across the globe. Its importance extends beyond national boundaries, as it joins forces with Cameroon’s Korup National Park, creating an unbroken expanse of safeguarded wilderness.

For individuals looking to experience the beauty of Cross River National Park fully, the Kanyang tourist village is a must-visit destination. Located just an hour from Calabar, it serves as a perfect entry point to this wild environment, offering necessary facilities and acting as a central point for discovery. Kanyang showcases a lodge for relaxation, a restaurant for delightful dining experiences, and a wildlife museum for a deeper understanding of the park’s diverse ecosystem. It truly exemplifies the peaceful cohabitation of mankind and the natural world.

Step into Cross River National Park, where every rustle of the leaves and every chirp of a bird tells a story of resilience, beauty, and the enduring bond between humanity and the natural world.

Overview

Covering a vast expanse of 4,000 square kilometres, Cross River National Park is divided into two separate sections: Okwangwo and Oban. These areas showcase a diverse range of ecosystems, ranging from the tall canopies of humid tropical rainforests to the peaceful mangrove swamps by the shoreline. As one of Nigeria’s biggest rainforest regions, it serves as a hub of biodiversity, housing various rare species and cultural landmarks.

The Cross River National Park, situated in Nigeria’s Cross River State, is composed of two separate divisions: Okwangwo, which was established in 1991, and Oban, established in 1988. This park stands as Nigeria’s most extensive rainforest and is among the oldest in Africa, being acknowledged by the United Nations as a biodiversity hotspot. The park’s terrain is rugged, with elevations ranging from 150 meters in the south to 1,700 meters in the north. Its northern and central areas predominantly consist of moist tropical rainforests, while the coastal zones showcase mangrove swamps. Within the Oban Division, there are hills that exceed 500 meters in elevation, with one peak reaching nearly 1,000 meters.

The park is home to a diverse range of primates, totalling 16 species, including common chimpanzees, drills, Cross River gorillas, and grey-cheeked mangabeys. Additionally, the park is home to five endemic monkey subspecies, one endemic monkey species, and one endemic ape subspecies, showcasing its rich and unique primate population. Covering approximately 3,000 square kilometres, the Oban Division is the largest area of closed-canopy rainforest in Nigeria and shares a border with Cameroon’s Korup National Park. The Oban Division holds significant importance as a watershed, characterized by hills that exceed 500 meters in height, with one peak reaching an impressive height of around 1,000 meters. During the last glacial period, the Oban Hills served as a refuge for lowland rainforest, and today, they are globally recognized as a hotspot for biodiversity and a hub for species richness and endemism, particularly for primates, amphibians, butterflies, fish, and small mammals.

Oban is home to several rare and unique species, including the Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes ellioti), the drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus), the leopard (Panthera pardus), the forest elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis), the grey-necked rockfowl (Picathartes oreas), and the slender-snouted crocodile (Mecistops cataphractus). In addition, Oban is the exclusive habitat in Nigeria for the Preuss’s red colobus monkey (Procolobus preussi) and the crowned guenon (Cercopithecus pogonias). The contiguous Oban-Korup forest is renowned as the most biodiverse site in Africa for butterflies and is also considered one of the most diverse and rich bird-watching sites in Nigeria.

The Okwangwo Division was established in 1991, created from three former forest reserves, and it spans an area of 640 square kilometres, primarily consisting of lowland and sub-montane closed canopy forest., Situated at the headwaters of the River Cross, its terrain varies from 150 meters in the southern lowlands to approximately 1,700 meters on the northern edge of the Obudu plateau. Okwangwo shares its borders with Takamanda National Park in Cameroon, and collectively they serve as a crucial habitat for the critically endangered Cross River gorilla (Gorilla gorilla diehli) and several other significant species, including the Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes ellioti), the drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus), Preuss’s guenon (Allochrocebus preussi), the forest elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis), and the grey-necked rockfowl (Picathartes oreas).

 

Despite its ecological significance, Okwangwo faces extensive hunting activities, resulting in notably low populations of large mammal species. The predominant hunting methods involve wire snares and shotguns, primarily to meet the demand of the bushmeat trade, and also for the ivory from forest elephant hunting. Furthermore, the montane forests on the outskirts of the Obudu plateau are progressively deteriorating due to grassland fires. Within the park, three enclave villages have emerged as hubs for hunting, providing refuge for poachers, while the expansion of farmlands within these village enclaves is gradually encroaching on the park, causing a physical divide. Illegal logging, especially for ebony, has become an escalating concern, further contributing to the environmental challenges. The gathering of non-timber forest products, like bush mango, is widespread, often leading to the establishment of large camps inside the park, attracting both gatherers and hunters.

A Brief History

The genesis of Cross River National Park can be traced back to the late 20th century, when conservationists with a vision laid the groundwork for its establishment. Despite encountering challenges such as illegal logging and poaching, ongoing conservation efforts are dedicated to safeguarding the park’s precious ecosystems. Initiatives involving partnerships and community engagement are currently underway to ensure the longevity of the park for future generations.

The Cross River National Park (CRNP) in Nigeria was officially established in 1991, emerging from three former forest reserves. Although the park was initially proposed in 1965, significant planning did not commence until 1988. The establishment of the park was supported by the World Wide Fund for Nature (UK) with a budget of $49.9 million, playing a crucial role in its creation. The park’s theme animal, the Cross River gorilla, serves as a symbol of its unique biodiversity.

CRNP is a rainforest biodiversity hotspot, covering 640 square kilometres of closed canopy forest, primarily consisting of lowland and sub-montane areas. The park’s rugged topography features elevations ranging from 150 meters in the southern lowlands to 1,700 meters on the edge of the Obudu plateau in the north. The Cross River and its tributaries flow into the park, giving rise to swamps in the northern part of the Oban Hills division.

The park is situated in Cameroon and borders the Takamanda and Korup national parks. Located southeast of Obudu Town, the Okwangwo Division of the CRNP is bounded by the Cross River to the south, the Ikom-Obudu Highway to the west, and the Cameroon frontier to the east.  In the Oban Division of the CRNP, one can find Preuss’s red colobus monkey and the crowned guenon, making it the only location in Nigeria where these species can be found. Furthermore, the Oban-Korup forest is renowned as the richest site in Africa for butterflies.

Since its establishment, CRNP has been tackling significant challenges, including illegal logging and poaching. To address these challenges, ongoing conservation efforts are being pursued, supported by partnerships with international organizations and active engagement with local communities. The primary goal of these initiatives is to protect CRNP’s biodiversity and ensure the long-term sustainability of the park for the benefit of future generations.

Ecological Diversity

Discover a world of extraordinary ecological variety, where every part of the park reveals a unique wonder. Cross River National Park (CRNP) in Nigeria is a haven for a wide range of plants and animals, from the lush rainforests to the vast savannahs. Within its boundaries, you’ll find rare and endangered species, such as the elusive Cross River gorillas and magnificent African forest elephants, seeking safety and protection.

The park boasts an impressive array of ecological diversity, featuring:

• Mammals: home to 119 species, including 75 mammal species such as forest elephants, chimpanzees, drills, and buffalo, as well as 18 of the 23 monkey species found in Nigeria.
• Birds: With 382 bird species, including the olive green ibis, and 410 species across 53 families, CRNP is one of Africa’s most diverse lowland sites for birds.
• Fish: Contains 48 fish species and 140 species in the Korup area, distributed among three river systems.
• Snakes: host 42 snake species.
• Butterflies: It comprises 950 butterfly species, with almost 600 species collected by Torben Larsen in the Oban division in 1995.
• Plants: It supports 1,568 plant species, including 77 endemic to Nigeria, such as 1,303 flowering plants, 141 lichens, and 56 moss species.
• Mushrooms: There are 79 mushroom species in the Oban Hills Division, belonging to 54 genera and 36 families.

CRNP also protects unique species such as the subspecies of gorilla (Gorilla gorilla diehli) and bare-headed rock fowl (Picathartes oreas), which are endemic to the area. The Oban Hills division is an internationally recognized biodiversity hotspot, especially for primates, amphibians, butterflies, fish, and small mammals. 

The park harbours one of the oldest rainforests in Africa, further identified as a biodiversity hotspot. Sixteen primate species have been recorded in the park, with rare primates including common chimpanzees, drills, and (in Okwangwo) Cross River gorillas.

Visitor Experience

Cross River National Park (CRNP) in Nigeria is a haven for nature enthusiasts, providing a variety of activities to enjoy. Visitors can embark on breathtaking hikes through picturesque trails and have unforgettable encounters with wildlife, guaranteeing an extraordinary experience at every turn. The park also offers cosy accommodations within or close to its premises, ensuring a convenient and peaceful getaway into the heart of the wilderness.

Cross River National Park (CRNP) in Nigeria is a Pleistocene biodiversity refuge in the Guinean Forests of West Africa that offers many activities for visitors, including:

• Wildlife Viewing: Witness the park’s rich fauna, including gorillas, leopards, red foxes, baboons, buffaloes, elephants, drill monkeys, chimpanzees, and orangutans.
• Hiking: Traverse the lush rainforest vegetation and enjoy the diverse flora.
• Water Recreation: Enjoy the natural water bodies, such as the Kwa River, perfect for various water activities.
• Bird Watching: Spot a multitude of bird species that inhabit the park.
• Botanical Garden Tour: Explore the Botanical Garden and Herbarium in Button, showcasing a variety of plant species.
• Natural History Museum: Tour the museum within the park to learn about its rich natural history.
• Local Tours: Engage with the local communities and learn about their unique way of life.

The park experiences two distinct seasons: a dry season from November to March and a rainy season from March to November. During the dry season, which spans from November to March, the park encounters minimal rainfall, while the rainy season, occurring from March to November, brings abundant precipitation. The average daily temperature ranges from 14°C to 25°C, providing a moderate and comfortable climate for visitors throughout the year. The annual rainfall in the park ranges between 2000 and 3000 mm, contributing to the lush and diverse ecosystem within the park.

The Kanyang Tourist Village, conveniently located just an hour’s drive from Calabar, offers a convenient and comfortable base for visitors exploring the park. Visitors can enjoy the amenities of a lodge, a restaurant, and a wildlife museum at the Kanyang Tourist Village, ensuring a comprehensive and enjoyable experience during their stay. 

CRNP’s main tourism potential lies in a wide array of activities, including gorilla watching, bird watching, mountaineering, hiking, fishing, and boat cruising. In addition, visitors can explore a small zoological garden showcasing rare species, marvel at the scenic Kwa Falls, and be awed by the breathtaking Agbokim Waterfalls, all contributing to an unforgettable adventure in Nigeria’s captivating natural environment.

Challenges and Conservation Outlook

The Cross River National Park is facing significant challenges that threaten its delicate balance and splendour. One of the major challenges is the illegal logging that has become a growing problem, particularly for ebony, within the park. Poaching is also a rampant issue, with three enclave villages within the park serving as hunting hotspots and sanctuaries for poachers. The expansion of farmlands through slash-and-burn farming is gradually dividing the park into two, posing a critical issue for its conservation. Cattle herding and fishing, as well as water poisoning, are major threats to the park’s biodiversity. Furthermore, illegal entry and the collection of non-timber forest products (NTFP) further worsen the situation, highlighting the urgency of conservation efforts to address these challenges.

The Cross River National Park (CRNP) is considered a global conservation hotspot and stands as one of Nigeria’s most valuable conserved areas. It is recognized as a ‘biodiversity hotspot’ due to its rich and varied resources, encompassing diverse flora, fauna, rivers, and topography. Unfortunately, the park is facing a significant threat from illegal activities, jeopardizing its valuable resources. Efforts are being made to address this issue through collaborative strategies and a renewed dedication to sustainability, offering hope for a future where the park can flourish as a symbol of biodiversity. Promoting eco-tourism can play a crucial role in preserving the park’s fauna, while also providing support to villagers in buffer zones to engage in sustainable forestry practices, thereby reducing the impact of human activities. By effectively tackling these challenges with viable solutions, the CRNP can continue to serve as a vital sanctuary for Nigeria’s natural heritage.

Final Note

Nestled in the Cross River National Park lies a sanctuary of diverse wildlife and a remarkable example of the connection between nature and humans. This protected area holds great historical and ecological value, offering a special chance to explore Nigeria’s untamed wilderness. However, the park’s existence depends on carefully managing the balance between conservation and sustainable development.

The Cross River National Park is a symbol of hope, showing nature’s strength and inspiring efforts to protect our planet’s beauty. With conservationists, locals, and tourists working together, the park can thrive and safeguard its rainforests, wildlife, and cultural treasures for generations to come.

As we move forward into the future, it is important to carry with us the stories passed down by the ancient trees, the melodies of the diverse birdlife, and the quiet resilience of the elusive Cross River gorillas. These memories serve as a powerful reminder of our responsibility to protect these sanctuaries, as preserving Cross River National Park is a tribute to its exceptional beauty and the timeless connection between humanity and the environment.

Welcome, passionate adventurers and nature lovers, to a thrilling new series that guarantees to lead you on an enchanting expedition through the treasures of Nigeria’s wild landscapes—its national conservation parks.

Situated in the heart of Africa is a country boasting exceptional biodiversity, with dense rainforests, vast savannas, and winding rivers blending to form a mosaic of natural marvels. Nigeria, renowned for its diverse cultural traditions and lively urban centres, harbours a diverse range of conservation areas, all brimming with distinct plant and animal species ready to be explored

Next month, join us on a journey to discover the treasures of Nigeria’s eight national conservation parks. We will explore one park at a time. Our inaugural destination? The magnificent Cross River National Park.

Located in the southern part of Nigeria, Cross River National Park showcases the country’s dedication to protecting its natural wonders. This lush sanctuary covers more than 4000 square kilometres and offers a safe haven for rare animals like the Cross River gorilla, forest elephant, and Nigerian-Cameroonian chimpanzee.

However, Cross River National Park offers more than just a sanctuary for animals. It serves as a research facility for conservationists, an exciting destination for thrill-seekers, and a place of inspiration for those who want to reconnect with nature. With its lush rainforests and breathtaking waterfalls, every part of this park has a unique tale to share.

Get ready to join us on an exciting journey of exploration as we set off on this expedition. Nigeria’s parks, from the wild terrains of Gashaka-Gumti to the tranquil charm of Kamuku National Park, hold unique stories and breathtaking marvels waiting to be uncovered.

So, dear readers, are you ready to embark on this adventure with us? Prepare to be enchanted, amazed, and inspired as we journey through Nigeria’s natural treasures, one park at a time.