Author: Omobolaji Durojaiye

A two-day event in Abuja recently showcased the power of citizen science in conservation efforts, bringing together scientists, policymakers, and conservation agencies. The event, led by the Tropical Biology Association (TBA) in partnership with the Nigeria Bird Atlas Project (NiBAP), highlighted how data collected by everyday citizens can influence conservation policies and environmental management.

What Is The Role of Citizen Science in Conservation? 

Citizen science involves ordinary people contributing to scientific research by recording and sharing observations of nature. This approach helps scientists and policymakers understand environmental trends, identify conservation priorities, and take action based on real-time data. The event in Abuja focused on the importance of citizen science in monitoring wildlife species such as birds, bats, and butterflies.

According to Anthony Kuria, the principal investigator for the TBA-led project “Improved Decision-making through Citizen Science Data,” citizen science is already proving useful in Nigeria. He noted that early observations from Amurum Forest Reserve in Jos Plateau are helping researchers track biodiversity trends and conservation needs.

Several experts presented research on how citizen science is shaping conservation efforts in Nigeria.

Bello Danmallam, a data analyst with NiBAP, discussed the effectiveness of protected areas in conserving bird populations amid rapid urbanization. He compared bird distribution data from Kenya (1970-2023) to highlight how human activities impact biodiversity. Kuria added that similar long-term monitoring efforts in Nigeria could guide conservation decisions.

Another key presentation came from Oluchi Agodi of the Small Mammals Conservation Organisation, who shared insights on the acoustic monitoring of straw-colored fruit bats—a near-threatened species. She emphasized the importance of technology in collecting data on these bats, which play a crucial role in pollination and seed dispersal.

Butterflies were also part of the discussion, with experts noting that their movements and population changes can signal environmental shifts. Monitoring their activity helps conservationists identify areas in need of protection.

Connecting Conservation with Policy and Society

The event also explored how citizen science can be integrated into policy and community development. Hope Usieta of the Leventis Foundation (Nigeria) highlighted the link between sustainable agriculture and biodiversity, emphasizing that farming and conservation can benefit people and nature.

Iniunam Iniunam, a data analyst with NiBAP, spoke about Nigeria’s rich birdlife, stressing the importance of using citizen science data to drive conservation strategies. The event encouraged deeper collaboration between scientists and policymakers to ensure that data from citizen scientists is effectively used for decision-making.

One of the significant outcomes of the event was the interest shown by the Livestock Development Department in partnering with NiBAP for disease surveillance. This demonstrates how conservation data can have broader applications beyond biodiversity, influencing agriculture and public health.

Challenges and Opportunities

Despite the progress in citizen science, experts acknowledged challenges such as limited public awareness, lack of funding, and the need for stronger partnerships. They emphasized making citizen science more accessible, mainly through education.

One proposed solution was to introduce school conservation education, encouraging young people to engage in environmental monitoring. Another priority was training park rangers in citizen science methods, allowing them to collect valuable data while protecting wildlife.

Additionally, integrating nature into urban planning was identified as a key area for future work, ensuring that cities grow to support biodiversity rather than harm it.

Moving Forward

As the event concluded, Dr. Talatu Tende, the manager of NiBAP, expressed optimism about the connections and discussions. She emphasized that collaboration between scientists, policymakers, and local communities will be essential for the success of citizen science in Nigeria.

TBA’s Anthony Kuria described the gathering as a strong example of how the Darwin Initiative-funded project bridges the gap between science and policy. He noted that citizen science is not just a tool for research—it is a powerful driver of change.

By engaging the public in conservation efforts, Nigeria is paving the way for a more sustainable future where environmental decisions are guided by data collected by the people to benefit both nature and society.

As we bid farewell to 2024, it’s impossible to ignore the unprecedented toll that climate change has taken on our world. This year marked the hottest in recorded history, with record-breaking temperatures in both the atmosphere and oceans fueling extreme weather events across the globe. According to World Weather Attribution (WWA), nearly every disaster analysed in 2024 was exacerbated by climate change. Climate scientist Friederike Otto put it briefly: “The impacts of fossil fuel warming have never been clearer or more devastating than in 2024. We are living in a dangerous new era.”

Heat Waves

Extreme heat claimed thousands of lives in 2024, from the 1,300 fatalities during the Muslim hajj pilgrimage in Saudi Arabia—where temperatures soared to 51.8°C (125°F)—to deadly heatwaves in Thailand, India, and the United States. In Mexico, conditions were so severe that howler monkeys fell dead from trees, while Pakistan shut down schools as temperatures exceeded 50°C. Greece experienced its earliest heatwave, which closed its iconic Acropolis and caused devastating wildfires. Europe as a whole endured its hottest summer on record.

Floods

Warmer oceans, driven by climate change, have led to higher evaporation rates and increased atmospheric moisture, resulting in heavier rainfall and catastrophic flooding worldwide. The United Arab Emirates saw two years’ worth of rain in a single day in April, turning parts of the desert into a temporary sea. Kenya suffered back-to-back disasters, shifting from a historic drought to the worst floods in decades. West and Central Africa experienced catastrophic flooding that killed over 1,500 people and left four million in need of aid.

Europe, too, faced its share of devastation, particularly in Spain’s Valencia region, where the October floods claimed more than 200 lives. In Nigeria, persistent rains triggered widespread flooding across 31 states, causing hundreds of deaths, injuring thousands, and displacing over 1.2 million people. The collapse of the Alau Dam in Borno State alone killed 150 people and displaced 419,000.

Cyclones

Warmer ocean surfaces provided additional energy for tropical cyclones in 2024, intensifying their destructive power. The Atlantic hurricane season brought major hurricanes, including Milton, Beryl, and Helene, which wreaked havoc across the United States and the Caribbean. In Southeast Asia, the Philippines endured six major storms in November, compounding the destruction left by Typhoon Yagi just months earlier. In December, Cyclone Chino—fueled by climate change—slammed into Mayotte, devastating one of France’s poorest overseas territories.

Droughts and Wildfires

While some regions faced torrential rains, others suffered from crippling droughts. Severe drought-parched much of the Americas, with wildfires torching millions of hectares in the western United States, Canada, and the Amazon basin. By September, over 400,000 fires had been recorded across South America, enveloping the continent in smoke. Meanwhile, according to the World Food Programme, southern Africa’s months-long drought left 26 million people at risk of hunger.

The Economic and Human Toll

The human cost of these disasters is immeasurable, but the economic cost highlights the massive scale of the destruction. Swiss Re, a Zurich-based reinsurance giant, estimated global damages at $310 billion as of December. In the United States alone, 24 weather disasters each caused over $1 billion in damages by November. Flooding in Valencia and hurricanes like Helene and Milton were among the most costly events, while Brazil’s drought inflicted $2.7 billion in agricultural losses. Even global wine production fell to its lowest level since 1961 due to “climatic challenges.”

Nigeria

Nigeria demonstrated the varied effects of climate change in 2024. Heavy rainfall—worsened by global warming—triggered catastrophic flooding that affected 31 states. Poor drainage systems, rising sea levels, and silt buildup in rivers compounded the crisis, causing hundreds of deaths and massive displacement. In Lagos, floods destroyed buildings and disrupted education, while Borno State’s dam collapse submerged communities and displaced nearly half a million people. Nigeria’s experience shows how human and natural factors combine to worsen climate change impacts.

A Call to Action

The disasters of 2024 are a stark reminder of the urgent need for global action to combat climate change. As we reflect on this year of extremes, let us commit to adopting greener habits for a more sustainable future. From reducing fossil fuel dependence to investing in resilient infrastructure, every step counts in mitigating the impacts of our warming world. For actionable tips on how to make a difference, check out our previous article on simple habits for a greener 2025.

Together, we can work towards a future where such devastating climate disasters become a thing of the past.

In the heart of Africa lies the Congo Basin, one of the most ecologically vibrant regions on the planet. Over the past decade, in this rainforest, stretching across six countries, 742 new species of plants and animals have been discovered. This announcement, detailed in the World Wildlife Fund’s (WWF) report New Life in the Congo Basin: A Decade of Species Discoveries (2013–2023), is both a celebration of nature’s abundance and a wake-up call to humanity.

These discoveries include 430 plants, 140 invertebrates, 96 fish, 22 amphibians, 42 reptiles, 2 birds, and 10 mammals. Each species adds to our understanding of biodiversity. Highlights include the ‘lesula’ monkey, a striking venomous bush viper, delicate orchids, and the intriguingly named dragonfly Umma gumma. Indigenous knowledge played a key role in these discoveries, emphasising the depth of ecological understanding held by local communities.

These findings are monumentally significant. First, they reaffirm the Congo Basin’s status as one of the world’s greatest biodiversity hotspots. This region alone harbours about 10,000 tropical plant species, with roughly 30% found nowhere else on Earth. Beyond its scientific importance, this biodiversity supports over 75 million people who depend on its resources for food, shelter, and cultural identity.

The Congo Basin’s role extends far beyond its regional significance. As a critical carbon sink, it helps mitigate climate change and supports global weather patterns, heightening the urgent need to protect it. However, the region faces serious threats: deforestation driven by agriculture and logging, poaching of iconic species like forest elephants, and habitat loss accelerated by climate change. Mining activities and human-wildlife conflicts compound these challenges, putting immense pressure on its ecosystems.

Preserving the Congo Basin is not just about protecting a unique ecological treasure; it is about securing a lifeline for local communities and ensuring global ecological stability. The WWF’s report calls for immediate action, advocating collaboration among governments, conservationists, and local communities. Recognizing indigenous knowledge and fostering sustainable land-use practices are crucial to safeguarding this irreplaceable natural heritage.

While the discovery of 742 species offers hope, it also reminds us of the fragility of these ecosystems. Protecting the Congo Basin is a collective responsibility—one that makes sure that life continues to thrive for generations to come.

The Oluwa Forest Reserve in Ondo State, Nigeria, established in 1918, is facing unprecedented challenges from deforestation, which threatens its rich biodiversity and ecological importance. Once a critical habitat for endangered species like the Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee and red-capped mangabeys, the reserve lost approximately 18% of its primary forest between 2002 and 2023, with recent satellite data showing an alarming rise in forest clearing and fires in 2024.  

A combination of smallholder farming and industrial plantations drives the forest’s decline. Rising unemployment and poverty have pushed many young people and skilled artisans to the reserve, seeking opportunities in agriculture. Fertile land and a favourable climate make it attractive, leading to the widespread conversion of forested areas into farmland. Meanwhile, industrial activities, particularly large-scale plantations for palm oil and cocoa, have intensified forest loss.  

Human activities, including slash-and-burn farming, have also triggered frequent fires in the forest. In 2024, the reserve experienced the highest number of fires since monitoring began in 2012, intensifying the already dire situation.  

Efforts to reclaim the reserve have faced resistance from local communities who rely heavily on the forest for their livelihoods. In 2022, around 10,000 farmers protested government eviction attempts, arguing that their agricultural activities are essential for survival. The evictions were halted by a court injunction, emphasizing the tension between conservation efforts and the socioeconomic realities of the region.  

The ongoing deforestation poses severe risks to biodiversity, with conservationists warning that species like the Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee could face local extinction due to habitat loss and increased hunting. Additionally, the degradation threatens essential ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration and water regulation, which are vital for climate resilience and local communities.  

Despite monitoring efforts and conservation initiatives, weak enforcement has allowed forest clearing to continue unchecked. Experts emphasise the urgent need for solutions that balance local economic needs with sustainable land management. Community involvement will be crucial to developing effective strategies that protect the reserve while addressing the socioeconomic challenges faced by its inhabitants.  

The Oluwa Forest Reserve is at a critical crossroads. Without immediate and decisive action from local authorities, conservation organisations, and the global community, this invaluable ecosystem may face irreversible damage, destroying the unique species and resources it sustains.

As the 29th Conference of the Parties (COP29) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) convenes in Baku, Azerbaijan, world leaders and environmental advocates gather to address critical climate issues. Running from November 11 to November 22, 2024, at the Baku Stadium, this year’s COP comes at a time of heightened urgency, with recent extreme weather events emphasizing the stakes. With representatives from nearly 200 nations in attendance, COP29 aims to solidify a new approach to climate financing, while addressing national commitments, adaptation strategies, and support for vulnerable communities.

Key Issues at COP29

• Climate Finance and the New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG): One of the foremost goals is setting a new financial target to replace the outdated $100 billion annual commitment, which has proven inadequate given the escalating impacts of climate change on developing nations. Negotiators will discuss innovative financial mechanisms to see that predictable, accessible funds reach the most affected communities. This commitment is particularly serious for developing nations seeking support as they endure the increasing costs of adaptation and recovery.

• Strengthening Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs): Countries are expected to update their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)—plans to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The deadline for these updates follows COP29 closely, and the summit is seen as a prime moment to inspire stronger, science-backed commitments to keep global warming below 1.5°C.

• Operationalizing the Loss and Damage Fund: Building on COP28’s establishment of the Loss and Damage Fund, COP29 seeks to finalize this fund’s framework and secure additional financial pledges. The fund is critical for nations facing irreversible climate impacts, such as sea-level rise and extreme weather, which disproportionately harm those least responsible for climate change.

• Accountability for Prior Commitments: A key priority for COP29 is making sure that countries hold themselves accountable for commitments from previous summits, especially regarding fossil fuel reduction, renewable energy expansion, and adaptation initiatives. By addressing gaps in previous pledges, the conference hopes to prompt meaningful progress on sustainability, food security, and resilience-building efforts.

• Broadening the Scope of Climate Solutions: Beyond financial and emission commitments, discussions will tackle carbon market regulations, food security, and equitable climate transitions. This broad agenda focuses on the need for extensive solutions that prioritize equity for marginalized communities that bear the brunt of climate impacts.

Setting the Stage for Future Climate Policy

The outcomes of COP29 could shape global climate policy for years to come. With an intensified focus on finance and international cooperation, this summit emphasizes the pressing need for robust action to combat climate change. For conservation advocates, COP29’s themes provide an essential framework for global efforts, from innovative finance solutions to bolstering resilience in vulnerable nations.