Author: Omobolaji Durojaiye

Following the discoveries of some of the natural wonders in the Nigeria national parks, let’s expand our horizons and visit some of the most spectacular sceneries in the world. In this article, we will focus on 10 of the best national parks in the world, showcasing the diverse beauty and ecological treasures that make these parks truly exceptional. Here we will go through the tropical forests, steep rocks, and pure lands that create the beauty of our home – Earth.

Kruger National Park

Kruger National Park in northeastern South Africa is one of Africa’s largest game reserves, covering 19,623 square kilometres. Established in 1926, it’s renowned for its diverse wildlife, including the Big Five: lions, leopards, rhinos, elephants, and buffaloes. The park forms part of the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park, linking it with reserves in Zimbabwe and Mozambique. It also plays a key role in conservation and community involvement, with initiatives like land returned to the Makuleke people for tourism development.

Grand Canyon National Park

Grand Canyon National Park is a breathtaking natural wonder located in northwestern Arizona, USA. Covering over 1.2 million acres, the park is renowned for the Grand Canyon itself—a colossal gorge carved by the Colorado River. Stretching 277 miles long, up to 18 miles wide, and nearly 6,000 feet deep, the canyon reveals millions of years of geological history.

Designated a national park in 1919 and a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1979, the Grand Canyon attracts around 4.7 million visitors annually. The park offers diverse experiences, from scenic drives and hiking trails to mule rides and rafting adventures. Visitors can explore both the North and South Rims, connected by roads and trails, while nearby attractions include the Kaibab National Forest and Glen Canyon National Recreation Area.

Glacier National Park

Glacier National Park, located in northwestern Montana, is renowned for its breathtaking landscapes and rich history. Established in 1910, the park spans over 1 million acres and borders Canada’s Waterton Lakes National Park, together forming the Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park. This UNESCO World Heritage Site features stunning mountain ranges, over 130 lakes, and more than 50 glaciers. Visitors can enjoy scenic drives like the Going-to-the-Sun Road and explore diverse wildlife habitats. Despite its beauty, the park faces challenges from climate change, notably the rapid loss of its glaciers.

Banff National Park

Banff National Park, Canada’s oldest national park, lies in the Rocky Mountains about 110–180 kilometres west of Calgary. Covering 6,641 square kilometres, it features stunning mountains, glaciers, forests, and rivers. Visitors can enjoy year-round activities, including skiing, hiking, and wildlife watching. Key highlights include the Banff Upper Hot Springs and the Icefields Parkway. As part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Banff is dedicated to preserving its remarkable natural beauty.

Yellowstone National Park

Yellowstone National Park, established in 1872, is renowned as the world’s first national park. Spanning over 3,400 square miles across Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho, it is celebrated for its stunning geothermal features, including more than 300 geysers and thousands of hot springs, mud pots, and steam vents. The park’s diverse landscape also features 17 rivers, 290 waterfalls, and one of North America’s largest high-elevation lakes, Yellowstone Lake. It is home to a rich variety of wildlife, such as bison, wolves, and grizzly bears, and represents a crucial part of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, the largest nearly intact ecosystem in the northern temperate zone. The park’s historical significance is highlighted by its designation as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1978. Visitors can enjoy hiking, camping, and sightseeing, with access to major attractions via paved roads and seasonal guided tours in winter.

Serengeti National Park

Serengeti National Park in Tanzania is a world-renowned wildlife sanctuary and UNESCO World Heritage Site celebrated for its stunning landscapes and exceptional animal diversity. Spanning 14,763 square kilometres (5,700 square miles), this vast expanse of savanna and woodland is home to over 2 million ungulates, including wildebeests, zebras, and gazelles. The park is famous for the Great Migration, a spectacular annual journey of over 1.5 million wildebeest and 250,000 zebra across the plains. Established in 1951, the Serengeti also boasts the largest lion population in Africa and is a key destination for wildlife enthusiasts. Its name, derived from the Maasai word “Siringet,” means “wide endless plain,” reflecting its expansive, breathtaking landscapes.

Yosemite National Park

Yosemite National Park, located in the Sierra Nevada of central California, is renowned for its stunning landscapes and natural beauty. Covering 1,189 square miles, the park features majestic granite cliffs, iconic waterfalls like Yosemite Falls and Bridalveil Fall, and ancient giant sequoias. It is home to diverse natural wonders including the towering El Capitan, expansive granite domes, and serene lakes and streams. Designated as a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1984, Yosemite offers over 800 miles of hiking trails and is a vital area for both conservation and outdoor recreation. Established as a national park in 1890, it draws nearly four million visitors each year, making it a cornerstone of America’s national park system.

Khao Sok National Park

Khao Sok National Park is a stunning natural gem located in Surat Thani Province, Southern Thailand. Covering 739 square kilometres, it is renowned for its ancient evergreen rainforest, which is older and more diverse than the Amazon. The park features dramatic limestone cliffs, lush valleys, and the picturesque Cheow Lan Lake, created by the Ratchaprapha Dam. Established in 1980, Khao Sok is part of a vast forest complex that spans over 3,500 square kilometres. It is home to a rich variety of wildlife, including elephants, gibbons, and nearly 400 bird species. The park is a key destination for nature enthusiasts, offering opportunities to explore its unique landscapes, wildlife, and activities like boating on the lake and hiking through its verdant terrain. Easily accessible from nearby towns like Phuket and Surat Thani, Khao Sok is a must-visit for anyone seeking an immersive rainforest experience.

Torres del Paine National Park

Torres del Paine National Park in southern Chile is famous for its breathtaking landscapes, including the iconic granite peaks of Torres del Paine. Covering around 700 square miles, the park features stunning glaciers like Grey Glacier and beautiful lakes such as Lago Pehoé. Established in 1959 and a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve since 1978, it draws over 250,000 visitors annually who come for its diverse wildlife and dramatic scenery. Entry fees range from $6 to $30 USD depending on the season.

Plitvice Lakes National Park

Plitvice Lakes National Park in Croatia, a UNESCO World Heritage site, is famous for its 16 interconnected lakes and stunning waterfalls. Established in 1949, the park’s vibrant blue and green lakes, set in a lush karst landscape, attract over a million visitors each year. The lakes are connected by travertine barriers and surrounded by dense forests, making it a top destination for natural beauty.

The Importance of National Parks

National parks are essential for several reasons:

1. Biodiversity Conservation: They protect diverse ecosystems and species, serving as sanctuaries for wildlife. For example, Serengeti National Park is crucial for the Great Migration.
2. Environmental Protection: Parks help preserve natural resources and combat climate change by maintaining forests, wetlands, and other critical areas. Glacier National Park plays a key role in regional climate stability.
3. Scientific Research: They provide natural laboratories for studying ecosystems and environmental changes, contributing valuable knowledge for conservation.
4. Cultural Heritage: Many parks protect historical and cultural sites, enriching our understanding of different cultures and histories.
5. Recreation and Education: Parks offer recreational activities and educational opportunities, fostering a connection with nature and promoting well-being.
6. Economic Benefits: They boost local economies through tourism, creating jobs and supporting local businesses.
7. Climate Regulation: Parks help regulate weather patterns and manage water cycles, contributing to global climate stability.

In essence, national parks are vital for ecological balance, conservation, and enhancing our quality of life. They ensure that future generations can enjoy and learn from the natural world.

Yankari Game Reserve, located in Bauchi State, northeastern Nigeria, is one of the most popular wildlife parks in the country, covering approximately 2,244 square kilometres. Established in 1956 as a game reserve, it was upgraded to Nigeria’s largest national park in 1991. The reserve is rich in wildlife, with major attractions including elephants, lions, antelopes, and a variety of bird species. Situated in the heart of the West African savannah, it offers visitors the opportunity to observe wildlife in their natural habitat. The park is also famous for its natural warm springs, particularly the Wikki Warm Springs, which is a well-known tourist attraction. Yankari Game Reserve plays a crucial role in promoting ecotourism in Nigeria, drawing both local and international visitors.

Overview

Formerly known as Yankari Game Reserve, Yankari National Park is Nigeria’s foremost wildlife park, located in Bauchi State, northeastern Nigeria. Covering an area of about 2,244 square kilometres (870 square miles), it is the largest and most diverse wildlife reserve in Nigeria and is rated among the best ecotourism sites in West Africa. Situated in the West African savanna zone, the park offers visitors the opportunity to observe wildlife in its natural habitat.

Yankari is renowned for housing the largest surviving population of elephants in Nigeria, making it crucial for the protection of these animals. The park is also home to other wildlife, including lions, leopards, hyenas, baboons, giraffes, and various types of antelopes such as the roan, waterbuck, bushbuck, and hartebeest. The park’s water channels support a rich biodiversity, including large populations of hippopotamuses and crocodiles.

The park’s vegetation is primarily savanna, but it also includes grasslands, swampy areas, and dense bush. Among the must-see attractions at Yankari are the Wikki Warm Spring, which maintains a constant temperature of 31°C year-round, providing a refreshing spot for visitors. Other notable sites include the Marshall Caves, featuring 59 caves with ancient rock paintings, and the Dukkey Wells, a historical structure comprising 139 wells carved into sandstone escarpments for water storage.

Yankari National Park was established as a game reserve in 1956 and was officially designated a national park in 1991. It continues to play a vital role in conservation and tourism, offering visitors a chance to experience stunning natural scenery, rich cultural heritage, and remarkable wildlife.

A Brief History

Yankari National Park is a significant refuge for majestic wildlife and has a history spanning several centuries. Although the native people have not lived within the park for over a hundred years, archaeological remains, such as iron smelting areas and ancient caves, bear testimony to their past activities. These historical features, including furnaces excavated from the Delimiri and Ampara areas, are significant as they reflect early human activity in the region. Remarkably, these sites have withstood the effects of weathering.

The park’s modern history began in 1934 when the Northern Regional Committee proposed creating a pilot game reserve within the Bauchi Emirate. This initiative was led by Alhaji Muhammadu Ngeleruma, a minister in the former Northern Nigeria Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Ngeleruma, inspired by his visit to a game reserve in Sudan during a trip through East Africa, strongly supported establishing a similar reserve in Nigeria. His efforts highlighted that the Yankari region was well-suited for wildlife conservation due to its natural attributes.

In 1956, Yankari was officially gazetted as a Game Preservation Area by the Northern Nigeria Government when it was part of the Bauchi Province. A year later, the area was declared a Bauchi Native Authority Forest Reserve, paving the way for its development into a conservation reserve. Yankari was formally opened to the public as Nigeria’s premier game reserve on December 1, 1962. Over the years, the reserve has been managed by various governmental bodies, including the North Eastern State Government and, currently, the Bauchi State Government.

In 1991, Yankari was legally upgraded to a National Park under Decree 36 by the National Government, falling under the National Park Service. This change marked a new chapter in the park’s management, with a stronger focus on conserving its diverse flora and fauna and its archaeological features. For example, in the late 1990s, a significant rehabilitation project was launched to preserve these sites, supporting both heritage conservation and ecological tourism.

However, in 2006, Yankari was stripped of its National Park status following a petition by the Bauchi State Government, which assumed management of the park. Despite this change, Yankari continues to thrive as an ecotourism site, attracting visitors to its natural attractions, including wildlife and significant sites such as the Dukkey Wells, Marshall Caves, and the Anfara Iron Smelting Centre.

Ecological Diversity

Yankari National Park is a testament to Nigeria’s natural wonders, serving as a vital sanctuary for diverse ecological systems that are home to numerous animal species. Over fifty species of mammals have been identified within the park, making it one of the premier conservation centres in West Africa. Among the most notable are the African bush elephant, which boasts one of the largest populations on the continent, and the lion, whose population has been reported as critically low. Other large species include the olive baboon, patas monkey, Tantalus monkey, roan antelope, hartebeest, African buffalo, waterbuck, bushbuck, and hippopotamus, all contributing to the park’s rich ecosystem.

Yankari is also renowned for its rich avian diversity, with over 350 bird species recorded. This includes 130 resident birds, 50 Palearctic migrant birds from Europe and Asia, and various intra-African migrants. Some of the common avian species include the saddle-billed stork, helmeted guineafowl, African grey hornbill, and cattle egret, making the park a prime birding destination.

The park’s diverse habitats, ranging from dense forests and open savannas to riparian lands, support this biodiversity. The Gaji, Yashi, and Yuli rivers, along with several warm water springs, provide essential resources for the park’s flora and fauna. These water bodies sustain the park’s extensive and rich freshwater communities, including various fish species and other aquatic life.

Geologically, Yankari is located on a formation of sandstone, siltstone, and kaolinite, while the valleys contain more recent alluvial deposits. This geological background influences the soil and vegetation types, which are well-suited to support the park’s diverse fauna.

In conclusion, this work highlights Yankari’s significance as a Lion Conservation Unit, alongside Kainji National Park, contributing to the global effort to conserve lions. However, challenges persist, particularly the growing issue of human-wildlife conflict, as elephants increasingly invade local farms. Despite these challenges, Yankari National Park remains a crucial natural reserve for wildlife conservation, demonstrating that Nigeria’s natural heritage can successfully navigate the challenges of the modern world.

Visitor Experience

Yankari National Park is a premier vacation destination, offering a unique blend of natural beauty and historical intrigue. Located in Bauchi State, Nigeria, this expansive wildlife park allows visitors to observe some of Africa’s most cherished animals in their natural habitat. The park is renowned for its diverse flora and fauna, including elephants, lions, leopards, antelopes, giraffes, baboons, and hyenas.

One of the park’s standout features is the Wikki Warm Springs. Flowing at approximately 21 million litres per day from the Gaji River, this natural spring provides a warm, clear water experience where visitors can swim any time of day or night. Other springs, such as Dimmil, Gwan, and Nawulgo, also offer relaxing spots to unwind after exploring the park’s natural landscapes.

For history enthusiasts, Yankari National Park has much to offer. The Marshall Caves, with their 59 sandstone caves, feature ancient paintings and engravings that provide insights into the region’s early inhabitants. Nearby, well-preserved sandstone cisterns and other historical artefacts reveal the ingenuity of early locals in managing water resources.

The park’s visitor centre, Wikki Camp, is located 42 kilometres from the main entrance. It offers a range of accommodations, from presidential suites to youth hostels, and is conveniently situated near the Wikki Warm Springs. The camp includes dining facilities, a bar, and conference rooms. Safari trips can be arranged daily from the camp, providing guided tours to enhance the park experience.

The museum at Wikki Camp is another highlight, featuring a collection of taxidermy specimens, including skins, teeth, and fully mounted animals from the park. It also serves as a centre for conservation, showcasing poacher traps and hunting equipment to highlight the ongoing efforts to protect the park’s natural resources.

Visitors should be aware that baboons in the park can become aggressive if they see plastic bags. It is also advisable to bring your own food, as the restaurant options may be limited. Additionally, only MTN and Airtel networks are available, and Wi-Fi is generally slow. However, these minor inconveniences are far outweighed by the park’s rich offerings.

Whether you’re seeking adventure, relaxation by the pool, or a dive into historical sites, Yankari National Park offers a versatile and exciting experience that makes it a must-visit destination in Nigeria.

Challenges and Conservations Outlook

Various issues affecting conservation and the overall health of the ecosystem at Yankari National Park include:

1. Loss of Natural Vegetation: Overgrazing by large herds of livestock has led to significant loss of natural vegetation. This degradation impacts the park’s biodiversity.
2. Harvesting and Hunting: The harvesting of animals for food and other purposes negatively affects populations of animals, birds, and mammals. Additionally, using prohibited fishing methods harms aquatic species and disrupts the ecological balance.
3. Management Challenges: Ineffective management exacerbates these issues. Low wages and inadequate equipment for park employees hinder monitoring and protection efforts. Limited funds also restrict conservation activities and infrastructure maintenance, making it difficult to address threats effectively.
4. Human Activities: Activities such as cutting down trees for fuel and producing charcoal, unauthorized logging, and harvesting non-forest wood products further strain the park’s ecosystems and natural habitats.
5. Weak Conservation Laws: The enforcement of outdated and ineffective conservation laws fails to deter poachers and other illegal activities. Inconsistent prosecution allows many poachers to evade justice, leading to repeat offences and ongoing threats to wildlife.

Security issues add complexity to the situation. Community attacks and kidnapping threaten wildlife conservation programs and the safety of rangers, while the presence of armed groups within or near the park endangers both animal and human lives. Additionally, hydrocarbon exploration activities in the surrounding areas could pose ecological pressures, potentially threatening the park’s ecological status.

To address these challenges, several improvements can be made. Enhancing patrol structures, such as extending and repaving tracks, will improve surveillance and monitoring of conservation efforts. Increasing ranger capacity through training programs, particularly in firearms use and community engagement, is also crucial. Furthermore, inadequate legal actions and lenient punishments have hindered wildlife conservation efforts, making law reforms and stricter penalties essential.

Better interaction with local stakeholders can reduce illegal activities and overuse of natural resources. High-level monitoring and surveillance are necessary to respond to threats, and the increased use of equipment and methods is vital for handling park threats. Developing ecotourism could provide economic benefits and support conservation objectives, considering the park’s unique features and historical sites.

Therefore, the government must take action. Operational interventions to address current and future security threats, along with efforts to protect Yankari National Park, will significantly impact its role in conserving biological and ecological diversity.

Final Note

Yankari National Park stands as a classic example of Nigeria’s ecological and historical icons. Covering an area of 224,443 hectares, it continues to serve as a major refuge for wildlife, including the largest elephant population on the African continent. Key natural attractions include the Wikki Warm Springs and Marshall Caves, which also have historical significance.

Despite its importance, the park faces challenges such as poaching, habitat alteration, and management issues that threaten its stability. Addressing these challenges requires improvements in infrastructure, legal frameworks, and local community involvement. With these measures, Yankari can fulfil its tourism potential and enhance conservation efforts, continuing to be a symbol of West Africa’s ecological and historical value.

Old Oyo was one of the significant pre-colonial empires in Nigeria, and this historical park makes Nigeria one of the most attractive countries for tourists. The park is named after the old town of Oyo-Ile, which was the political capital of the Oyo Empire from the 16th to 18th centuries. As a result, visitors can explore a rich mix of archaeological, cultural, and historical interests. The park covers an area of 2,512 square kilometres (970 sq mi) and is located in the northern part of Oyo State and the southern part of Kwara State, making it an area rich in wildlife and cultural attractions.

The park spans eleven local government areas, ten of which are in Oyo State, with the remaining one in Kwara State. This location makes the park easily accessible from many southwestern and northwestern Nigeria areas. The administrative head office is situated at Isokun, Oyo, along the Oyo-Iseyin road, where visitors can find an information desk and a booking section to obtain necessary information and make reservations. The well-maintained gardens and organised areas make the park attractive, with wildlife such as buffaloes, bushbucks, and many species of birds.

The park is surrounded by other towns, including Saki, Iseyin, Igboho, Sepeteri, Tede, Kishi, and Igbeti, where commercial and tourism opportunities abound. This makes OLD OYO NATIONAL PARK a unique centre for tourism, combining natural beauty and historical significance unmatched by other parks in Nigeria.

 

Overview

Old Oyo National Park is one of the largest and most biogeographically diverse national parks in Nigeria, covering nearly 2,512 square kilometres in southwestern Nigeria. The park is located in the northern part of Oyo State and the southern part of Kwara State, and it is endowed with natural and historical sights as well as diverse wildlife.

Geographic Location

Located between the coordinates of 8° 15’ 0” N and 9° 00’ 0” N, and 3° 35’ 0” E and 4° 42’ 0” E, Old Oyo National Park occupies a region of multiple terrains. It is bounded by eleven local government areas, ten of which are in Oyo State, with the remaining one in Kwara State. This unique geographic location makes the park one of a kind, where a wide variety of ecological features coexist with cultural values.

Landscape and Natural Features

The landscape of Old Oyo National Park is predominantly composed of lowland plains, rivers, granite outcrops, and rocky hills, each contributing to the park’s distinct topography.

• Lowland Plains: Similar to many other parks in Nigeria, the relief is relatively low, with almost 90% of the park featuring gently undulating plains along the valleys of the Ogun River. These plains provide fertile ground for vegetation and support a wide range of wildlife.
• Rivers: The park is home to the Ogun River, which passes through its valleys, along with other rivers such as the Owu, Owe, and Tessi. These rivers provide essential water sources for the park’s plant and animal life and host diverse aquatic organisms.
• Granite Outcrops and Rock Formations: In the northeastern region of the park, dark red to greenish granites form rugged outcrops near the archaeological zone of Oyo-Ile. The geographical centre of the park features scattered hills, ridges, and numerous rock formations. The northern area, with its caves and rock shelters, holds geological significance within the park.

A Brief History

Origins as Forest Reserves

Old Oyo National Park, has its origins in two forest reserves established during the colonial period: Upper Ogun Forest Reserve, established in 1936, and Oyo-Ile Forest Reserve, in 1941. These reserves were created for the conservation of the area’s key species and are considered the initial steps toward environmental conservation.

Transition to Game Reserves

In 1952, due to the significant natural and cultural importance of these areas, the Nigerian government upgraded the forest reserves to game reserves. This transition aimed to protect the wildlife in these areas from extinction due to hunting and habitat loss. The game reserves provided shelter to various forms of life, thereby enhancing the conservation of the area’s natural resources.

Formation of Old Oyo National Park

In 1991, the game reserves were officially merged and converted into national parks under Decree 36, which also established four other national parks in the country. This marked the legal formation of Old Oyo National Park, intending to preserve the area’s natural and historical systems.

Current Landscape and Features

Currently, Old Oyo National Park covers an area of 2,512 square kilometres and spans 11 local government areas. The park features diverse habitats, including woodland, savanna woodland, outcrop vegetation, and riparian grasslands. These habitats support a wide variety of plant and animal species, including endangered species like the painted hunting dog and the western kob.

In addition to its scenic beauty, the park holds historical significance, being home to the site of the ancient city of Oyo-Ile, once the political capital of the Oyo Empire. The park’s amenities include game viewing tracks, a mini museum, and guided tours to historical and political sites.

Ecological Diversity

Old Oyo National Park is not only an exciting ecological destination but also a place rich in cultural diversity.

Flora

The park boasts a variety of plant species that form the foundation of its ecological system. The terrain is characterized by low and gently rolling relief, with vegetation primarily consisting of Guinea savanna. This includes open wooded lands, grass plains, and sparse stands of trees, particularly along watercourses. These plants provide essential food and shelter for the park’s fauna. Notable tree and shrub species include Isoberlinia doka and Terminalia spp., which thrive in savannah, montane, and coastal regions. Other species such as Chisgiokea parviflora, Piliostigma thonningii, Vadulia madagascariensis, and Afzelia africana contribute to the park’s biodiversity. These plants not only enhance the park’s aesthetic appeal but also play crucial roles in supporting both herbivores and carnivores.

Fauna

The park is home to a rich variety of fauna, including numerous mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians. Key mammalian species include:

• African Buffalo (Syncerus caffer): Large herbivores common in the park, they have a significant impact on the vegetation due to their grazing.
• Kob (Kobus kob): This antelope species is often seen in the grasslands and open areas, feeding on the abundant grass.
• Bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus): These nocturnal antelopes inhabit the park’s thorny acacia shrubs and riverine forests.
• Roan Antelope (Hippotragus equinus): A large and powerful species, the Roan Antelope prefers the wooded savanna.
• Western Hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus): These herbivores are mostly found in the open grasslands, grazing on the grasses.
• Patas Monkey (Erythrocebus patas): Known for their speed, these ground-dwelling monkeys inhabit the savanna woodlands, though they are not as common.
• Waterbuck (Kobus ellipsiprymnus): Often seen near water sources, these animals prefer habitats close to rivers and lakes.

The park once hosted the West African wild dog (Lycaon pictus manguensis), a species that has since disappeared due to hunting and human settlement expansion, highlighting the challenges of wildlife conservation.

Avifauna

Old Oyo National Park is also rich in avian fauna, providing a sanctuary for many bird species. The diverse terrains, including Acacia savanna, miombo woodlands, open grasslands, and riverine forests, offer ideal breeding grounds and refuges for both resident and migratory birds. Species like the African grey hornbill, Abyssinian ground hornbill, various sunbirds, and kingfishers make the park a significant birding destination.

Rivers and Water Bodies

The park is traversed by several rivers, including the Ogun, Owu, and Owe rivers. These rivers create riparian belts that differ markedly from the surrounding landscape in terms of vegetation and wildlife. They are crucial water sources, especially during the dry season, and play an integral role in the park’s ecology.

Visitor Experience

Old Oyo National Park is unique for its diverse wildlife, historical sites, and cultural points worth visiting. Here’s what you can expect during your visit:

Southern Park Area: Fauna & Tourism

In the southern sector of the park, you may spot animals such as Nile crocodiles, rock pythons, lions, antelopes, and buffaloes. IKERE Gorge Lake is suitable for sports fishing and boat rentals for cruising. The best time to visit is from October to early April during the dry season when animals congregate around water sources.

Northern Park Area: History & Archaeology

The northern area of the park is a significant historical and archaeological reserve. You can explore the ancient city walls of Oyo Ile, Agbaku Hills with Stone Age relics, Kosomonu Hill, and the old AKesan market. The Alaafin’s Palaces and ancient pottery offer insights into the Oyo Empire’s past. Birdwatching enthusiasts will be pleased to find over thirty bird species in this area.

Central Park Area: Landscape & Climbing

The central zone of the park is ideal for climbing and offers breathtaking views. Here, you can experience diverse natural resources, including wild buffaloes and bushbucks.

Cultural and Mystical Sites

Oyo-Ile hosts 22 historical sites, including the Alaafin Palace and Songo Shrine. The Ogun Jokoro, a mystical piece of armour and an artefact of the Yoruba people, is a notable feature of the park.

Local Communities

Nearby local centres such as Saki, Iseyin, and Igboho offer a glimpse into local life, as they are cultural and trading hubs.

Old Oyo National Park is one of Nigeria’s historical parks, offering a rich blend of natural landscapes and cultural experiences, making it a recommended destination for visitors.

Challenges and Conservation Outlook

Challenges

Illegal Activities

• Poaching: Although poaching has decreased since the early 2000s, it remains a significant problem. Further efforts are needed to prevent a resurgence of this issue.
• Logging: In the Tede, Sepeteri, and Oyo-Ile religious ranges of the forest, illegal logging distorts the ecosystem.
• Illegal Herding: Poachers often cannot differentiate park boundaries, leading to overgrazing and habitat destruction.

Environmental Factors

• Climate Change: Global warming has forced nomadic livestock keepers to encroach on the park, destroying natural habitats.
• Logging: Ongoing illegal logging continues to fuel deforestation and undermine ecosystems.

Community Relations

• Limited Involvement: The local community has no input in park management and lacks knowledge about the park’s status, leading to impaired conservation efforts.
• Awareness Issues: Many people living near the park are unaware of its regulations and thus infringe upon park rules.

Other Threats

• Hunting and Grazing: These activities, along with honey tapping, pose threats to the park across all its ranges.
• Fishing: While regulated in the Oyo-Ile range, uncontrolled fishing in other areas can have dire consequences for aquatic life.

Efficiency Challenges

• Resource Diversity: The park’s diverse resource base complicates the measurement of conservation achievements. Therefore, appropriate monitoring strategies are needed.

Conservation Outlook

• Enhancing Anti-Poaching Efforts: Encourage governments to strengthen and sustain anti-poaching measures to aid animal conservation.
• Combating Illegal Logging: Enforce regulations and ensure sustainable practices to prevent further forest loss.
• Addressing Climate Change: Utilize wildlife corridors and educate inhabitants about climate change effects to aid adaptation.
• Improving Community Engagement: Increase local participation in park management and educate the community on the park’s importance.
• Promoting Sustainable Practices: Support selective and sustainable hunting, grazing, and honey tapping, and promote incentives for eco-friendly products.
• Strengthening Monitoring and Evaluation: Develop specific monitoring frameworks to enhance the evaluation of conservation strategies.

Final Note

Old Oyo National Park is a fascinating blend of history and nature in Nigeria, representing a unique intersection of the country’s heritage and its diverse environmental conditions. Covering an area of 2,512 km² in Oyo and Kwara states, the park offers visitors a rich tapestry of ecosystems and historical significance. It features lowland plains, ancient rocks, vital rivers, and historical ruins that reflect the nation’s past. However, the park faces challenges such as poaching, illegal deforestation, and climate change, which threaten its delicate balance. Addressing these issues requires improved conservation strategies, increased community involvement, and sustainable practices to preserve Old Oyo’s beauty for future generations.

Gashaka-Gumti National Park, Nigeria’s largest national park, is situated in the northeastern part of the country, adjacent to Cameroon and the Mambilla Plateau. Covering 6,400 km², it showcases Nigeria’s natural grandeur, with rugged terrains, montane forests, expansive savannah grasslands, and Nigeria’s highest peak, Chappal Waddi, at 2,419 meters (7,936 feet). The park serves as a crucial water catchment area for the Benue River, ensuring its flow even during the dry season.

Overview

Formed in 1991 from two earlier game reserves—Gashaka in Taraba State and Gumti in Adamawa State—the park was named after these historic settlements. The park’s diverse landscape includes northern savannahs and southern hilly, mountainous regions. This variation in topography gives rise to different ecosystems, including montane forests in the south and open grasslands in the north.

The park plays a vital role in preserving water catchment areas for the Benue River, which supports local communities. Additionally, it includes areas reserved for Fulani nomads who practice traditional agriculture and livestock rearing, integrating conservation with local livelihoods. The establishment of the park followed early conservation efforts in the 1970s, which were initially hindered by economic challenges and disease outbreaks. The park’s official creation in 1991 marked a significant milestone in Nigeria’s conservation history.

Flora and Fauna

Gashaka-Gumti is home to a rich array of wildlife. It boasts 103 mammal species, including the African buffalo, African elephant, chimpanzee, and the rarely-seen Adamawa mountain reedbuck. The park is also noted for its avian diversity, with over 500 bird species, making it one of Africa’s Important Bird Areas (IBA). Significant bird species include the red-faced lovebird, which is found only in this park and Bamingui-Bangoran National Park in the Central African Republic.

The park’s flora is equally diverse. It supports 426 plant species across 104 families and 306 genera. In the northern sector, you’ll find trees like Acacia and Afzelia, while the southern sector features species such as Triplochiton scleroxylon and Aubrvillea kerstingii. Notably, the red sunbird bush, an endemic species, was discovered in the Leinde Fadale forest in 2002.

Climate

Gashaka-Gumti experiences a steppe climate with temperatures ranging from 16°C (61°F) in the cooler months to 38°C (100.3°F) during the hotter periods. The annual rainfall averages around 672 mm (26.5 inches), with significant fluctuations in both relative humidity and rainfall, peaking in August.

Historical Background

The park’s conservation history began in the 1960s with efforts to protect its biodiversity from uncontrolled hunting. In 1966, a land systems survey was commissioned, followed by a recommendation in 1969 to establish a game reserve or national park. This led to the creation of three game sanctuaries in 1972. However, economic difficulties and disease outbreaks in the 1980s affected conservation efforts, which were revived with increased international support, leading to the park’s establishment in 1991.

Ecological Diversity

Gashaka-Gumti’s ecological diversity is remarkable. The park’s various environments include lowland rainforest, Southern Guinea savanna, and montane vegetation. Notable plant species include Terminalia superba, Khaya grandifoliola, and Syzygium guineense. The park also supports a wide range of wildlife, including lions, leopards, golden cats, and giant forest hogs, as well as 44 species of amphibians and reptiles.

Conservation Challenges

The park faces significant challenges, including illegal logging, poaching, deforestation, and human-wildlife conflicts. Illegal logging, especially of Rosewood, has led to conflicts between loggers and park rangers, resulting in fatalities among rangers. Additionally, activities such as grazing and the presence of invasive species threaten the park’s ecosystems. Despite these challenges, there have been positive developments, including increased forest cover and enhanced ranger patrols.

Visitor Experience

Gashaka-Gumti offers diverse activities for visitors, including wildlife observation, cultural heritage exploration, and nature-based adventures. Attractions include the Hippo Pool, the German Fort, the GGNP Museum, and the Mayo Kam River. The park is also known for primate watching, bird watching, mountaineering, and sport fishing. Visitors can enjoy well-paved trails, outdoor camping, and hot springs near Gashaka village.

Visitor Facilities

The park provides a range of facilities to enhance visitor experience. Accommodation options include premium suites and luxury rooms. Conference centres are available for groups, and guided vehicles and trained guides are provided to assist with wildlife viewing and park exploration.

Employment and Community Impact

Gashaka-Gumti contributes to the local economy by employing 277 individuals, including locals and non-locals. This workforce is integral to the park’s operation and reflects its social importance.

Challenges and Conservation Outlook

The park’s conservation efforts face ongoing challenges, including illegal activities and human-wildlife conflicts. Nevertheless, there have been promising signs of progress, such as increased forest cover and improved ranger patrols. Community involvement and support from traditional leaders are crucial for the park’s continued protection.

Final Note

Gashaka-Gumti National Park is a vital part of Nigeria’s natural heritage, renowned for its stunning landscapes and biodiversity. Despite facing significant challenges, recent improvements in conservation efforts and community engagement provide hope for the park’s future. Protecting this unique ecosystem requires ongoing support and dedication to ensure its preservation for future generations.